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East African Community (EAC) Treaty, Enabling Clause
and GATT 33
EC
— Asbestos (AB), WT/DS135/AB/R, DSR 2001:VII and DSR 2001:VIII
amicus curiae briefs
additional procedures DSU
979, 1048, 1050
preliminary ruling on DSU
1050
Appellate Body (AB) (DSU 17)
reports
anonymity (DSU 17.11), concurring
opinions (ABWP 3.2) DSU 477
extension of deadline for circulation
(DSU 17.5) DSU 444
burden of proof
national treatment, regulatory
discrimination (GATT III:4) GATT 201
onus probandi actori incumbit GATT
653–4
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3),
anonymity of individual AB members DSU 477
directly competitive or substitutable
products (GATT III:2), as dynamic relationship (including possibility of
latent demand) GATT 117, 246
evidence (GATT XX: justification)
scientific evidence, evaluation GATT
609–12
scientific sources representing
divergent opinion GATT 610
General Exceptions (GATT XX),
alternative WTO-consistent measure, availability GATT
613–15,
624
General Exceptions (GATT XX), measures
necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health (GATT XX(b))
GATT III:4 (national treatment,
regulatory discrimination) and GATT 278
justification
evidence of health risks, relevance GATT
278
good faith reliance on GATT
610
“preponderant”
evidence GATT 610
good faith (including pacta sunt
servanda principle (VCLT 26)), scientific evidence, reliance on GATT
610
“like product”
(GATT III:2 and III:4)
competitive relationship, need for GATT
237, 239, 243–5
evidence of health risks, relevance GATT
245
determination of “likeness”
in case of conflicting evidence GATT
247
need to take account of all the evidence GATT 242
GATT III:1 compared GATT
142, 160, 234–9
relevant factors
Border Tax Adjustment, Working Party on GATT
239
consumer preferences GATT
239, 242, 244–6
end-uses GATT
239, 244
fluidity GATT
239
health risks GATT
245
physical properties GATT
243
tariff classifications GATT
239
national treatment, general principle
(GATT III:1), as context for interpretation of GATT III:2–5
GATT 234
national treatment, regulatory
discrimination (GATT III:4)
burden of proof GATT
201
GATT XX and GATT
278
“less favourable treatment”
grouping approach GATT
268
as requirement for violation finding GATT
238
national treatment, tax discrimination
(GATT III:2), first and second sentences distinguished GATT
235–6
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
“any measure GATT
644
non-commercial measure GATT
649
burden of proof GATT
653–5
as exceptional remedy GATT
644, 645
GATT XXIII:1(a) distinguished GATT
644
GATT XXIII:1(b) distinguished GATT
644
measure in “conflict”
with GATT provisions, applicability to GATT
644
concurrent application to measures
falling under other provisions of GATT GATT
648
risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3
and Annex A, para. 4), ascertainable/theoretical risk distinguished (SPS 5.1),
quantitative threshold, relevance GATT 611
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues
of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
completion of the legal analysis in case
of
contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts DSU
470
disagreement with the panel DSU
470
insufficient argument of novel issue DSU
470
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU
11), “objective assessment of the facts”,
evidence, alleged disregard or distortion by panel, discretion in assessment
of evidence GATT 609
“technical regulation”
(TBT, Annex 1.1) TBT 2, 58–9
identifiability requirement TBT
59
Working Procedures (appellate review
(DSU 17.9 and ABWP)), “appropriate
procedure for the purpose of that appeal only”
(ABWP 16(1)) DSU 848
EC
— Asbestos (Panel), WT/DS135/R and Add.1, DSR 2001:VII and DSR 2001:VIII
amicus curiae briefs, preliminary
ruling DSU 979, 1050
burden of proof
delay in submitting claim and GATT
655
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)) DSU
808
onus probandi actori incumbit GATT
581
prima facie case, need for GATT
581
decisions, procedures and customary
practices under GATT 1947 (WTO XVI:1) GATT 402
General Exceptions (GATT XX), burden of
proof, chapeau and paras. a-j distinguished GATT
581
General Exceptions (GATT XX), measures
necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health (GATT XX(b)),
justification, three-tier test GATT 602
information or technical advice, panel’s
right to seek (TBT 14)
individual advice, right to seek TBT
54
technical expert group, panel’s
right to establish (TBT 14.2), individual advice, right to seek TBT
54
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines, multiple authentic languages (VCLT 33), “and”/”comme”
GATT 401 402
DSU 60
means, diVerent language in same agreement GATT
403 n. 608
national treatment, general principle
(GATT III:1)
applicability
measures imposed at the time or point of
importation (“internal measures”)
(GATT Ad Art. III)
imposition on like domestic product
requirement GATT 401
quantitative restrictions (GATT XI)
distinguished GATT 294, 401–3
national treatment, regulatory
discrimination (GATT III:4)
“laws,
regulations or requirements”, identity
of measure, relevance GATT 402
“restrictions made effective
through state-trading organizations” (Ad
Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT 403
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
“benefit”/legitimate
expectation of improved market access as
as norm GATT
662
reasonable anticipation and GATT
666–8
burden of proof DSU
808
as exceptional remedy DSU
808
GATT XXIII:1(a) distinguished GATT
644
nullification or impairment, need for GATT
673
preliminary rulings on, amicus curiae
briefs DSU 979
quantitative restrictions, elimination
(GATT XI)
GATT III, and GATT 294
national treatment (GATT III) and GATT
401–3,
418
“prohibition or restriction”
(GATT XI:1), “restrictions made
effective through state-trading organizations”
(Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT
409
relationships within and between
agreements
GATT III:4/GATT XI GATT
418
GATT/TBT DSU
906
SPS Agreement, burden of proof,
scientific evidence, sufficiency (SPS 2.2) GATT
582
State trading enterprises (GATT XVII),
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4) and GATT
403
EC
— Bananas III (AB), WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997:II
Agriculture Agreement (AG)
GATT 1994 and (AG 21.1), market access
concessions and commitments (AG 4.1) and GATT
110–11,
AG 18, 126
Modalities Paper and, non-discrimination
(GATT XIII) and GATT 450, AG
126
object and purpose (Preamble), on-going
reform AG 126
composition of delegation (appellate
review)
legal representation/private counsel DSU
1022–3
Member’s
right to determine DSU 845, 971,
1022–3
composition of delegation (panel), legal representation/private counsel DSU
971
consultations (DSU 4), joinder of third
parties having “substantial trade interest”
(DSU 4.11) DSU 158, 319
directly competitive or substitutable
products (GATT III:2), nullification or impairment, evidence of DSU
95
dispute settlement and enforcement (GATS
XXIII), nullification and impairment (DSU 3.8) distinguished DSU
102
due process (dispute settlement
proceedings), panel working procedures, need for DSU
919, 931
GATS Agreement, GATT 1994, overlap GATT
312, TRIMs 39 n. 57
GATT 1994, object and purpose (GATT
I:1), nondiscrimination GATT 9
Import Licensing Procedures Agreement
(LIC)
neutrality in application and
administration in a fair and equitable manner, need for (LA 1.3),
administration in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner (GATT X:3(a)),
equivalence GATT 392
rules and procedures distinguished LIC
4
tariff quotas, applicability to LIC
2, 13
use of “restriction”
in LIC 3.2 and 3.3, relevance LIC 2
interpretation of covered agreements
means same or closely related phrases in different agreements, GATT X:3(a)/LIC 1.3 GATT 392
licensing procedures, national
treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4) and GATT
259
“like product”
(GATT I), “any product originating in or
destined for another country”,
administrative distinctions, relevance GATT 17
Lomé
waiver WTO 164, GATT 65,
444, DSU
399
market access (AG 4)
concessions and commitments (AG 4.1)
consistency with GATT XIII GATT
450, DSU 908
reform process, as essential part of AG
126
MFN treatment (GATS II)
determination of violation,
requirements, aims and effects test GATT 132,
GATS 28
national treatment (GATS XVII)
distinguished GATS 24
“treatment no less favourable”
(GATS II:1), de facto discrimination GATS 24
MFN treatment (GATT I:1)
“advantage”,
allocation of tariff quotas GATT 13
de facto discrimination GATT
9
modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII),
applicability of GATT I and XIII GATT 67, 85
national treatment, general principle
(GATT III:1), “so as afford protection”,
GATS II and XVII distinguished GATS 24
national treatment, regulatory
discrimination (GATT III:4)
“affecting”
hurricane licences GATT
272
purpose of measure, relevance GATT
259
general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT
230
“less favourable treatment”
discriminatory system for allocation of
import licences GATT 107, 125,
285
formal differentiation in treatment,
relevance GATT 272
“so as to afford protection”
GATT 230
national treatment, services and service
suppliers (GATS XVII), determination of violation, requirements, aims and
effects test GATT 132, GATS
76
non-discriminatory administration of
quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII)
administrative distinctions, relevance GATT
431
AG 4.1 (market access) and GATT
450
allocation to Members not having a
substantial interest (GATT XIII:1) GATT 433
distribution of trade as close as
possible to expected shares in absence of restrictions as aim (GATT XIII:2,
chapeau) GATT 436
finding as factual matter DSU
447
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP
20(2)), statement allegation of error on issues of law/legal interpretations
(ABWP 20(2)(d)), omission, effect DSU 861
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
adverse impact/prejudice, relevance DSU
95
GATS XXIII, (dispute settlement and
enforcement), distinguished GATS 127, DSU
102
presumption in case of inconsistency
with covered agreement DSU 95
order of analysis, specific/general
provision AD 343 n. 445
precedent, decisions, procedures and
customary practices under GATT 1947 (WTO XVI:1), panel reports preceding
relevant AB decisions GATT 154
preliminary rulings on, specificity of
request for panel (DSU 6.2) DSU 941
preliminary rulings (procedural aspects)
timing DSU 919
working procedures, need for DSU
237, 919, 931
publication and administration of trade
regulations (GATT X)
national treatment (GATT X:1) and GATT
372
relationship with other GATT provisions GATT
373, 387
uniform, impartial and reasonable
administration (GATT X:3(a)) GATT 373
relationships within and between
agreements
AG 4 1 and 21 1/GATT XIII GATT
450 DSU 908
DSU 3.8/GATS XXIII:1 GATS 127, DSU
102
GATT I/GATT XIII GATT
65, 84, 106,
444
GATT II:7/GATT XIII GATT
106, 110
GATT III:1/GATT III:4 GATT
233
GATT III:4 and XVII/GATT II:1(a) and XI GATT
285
GATT /GATT as a whole GATT
373
GATT X:3(a)/LIC 1.3 GATT
392, DSU 903
GATT/GATS DSU
159
SCM 3.1(b)/TRIMs TRIMs
39
specific/general provision GATT
302, DSU
322–3
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2)
compliance, importance of
scrutiny by DSB DSU
155–6
scrutiny by panel DSU
131 n. 216, 155–6
fruitfulness of action (DSU 3.7),
determination by Member DSU 159
identification of specific measures at
issue, specificity, preliminary ruling on DSU 941
legal basis of claim DSU
156
arguments distinguished DSU
223, 235 n. 340, 283
rectification at subsequent stages,
arguments in written or other submission or statement DSU
223
legal basis of claim, summary,
sufficiency, listing of articles without explanation, sufficiency DSU
216
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
diminishment of obligations, exclusion GATT
84–5,
106
interpretation and clarification,
Marrakesh Protocol as aid GATT
84–5
“subject to the terms,
conditions or qualifications in the schedule”
(GATT II:1(b)), diminishment of obligations, exclusion GATT
84, 106
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues
of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6), non-discriminatory
administration of quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII), determination DSU
447
standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7),
legal interest, relevance DSU 90, 143,
158–9,
319
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7),
request for establishment of panel as basis DSU 156
waivers, GATT I/GATT XIII, waivers,
relationship GATT 444
Working Procedures (appellate review
(DSU 17.9 and ABWP))
“appropriate procedure for the
purpose of that appeal only” (ABWP
16(1)) DSU 845
oral hearings (ABWP 27), change of date DSU
853
timetable, modification in exceptional
circumstances (ABWP 16(2)) DSU 853, 873
EC
— Bananas III (Panel), WT/DS27/R, DSR 1997:II
Agriculture Agreement (AG), GATT 1994
and (AG 21.1), market access concessions and commitments (AG 4.1) and AG
126
consultations (DSU 4)
adequacy of consultations, Panel
responsibilities in relation to DSU 119
establishment of panel, as prerequisite,
exceptions, agreement within 60 day period that consultations have failed to
settle dispute (DSU 4.7) DSU 122
developing country Members, Licensing
Agreement and (LIC 1.2) LIC 9
GATS Agreement
“affecting”
(GATS I:1) GATS 62
“measures affecting trade in
services” (GATS I:1) GATS
4–5
Import Licensing Procedures Agreement
(LIC)
conformity with GATT principles and obligations requirement (LIC
Preamble and 1.2), single undertaking principle, effect LIC
7
developing country Members, and (LIC
1.2) LIC 9
national treatment (GATT III:4) and GATT
259, TRIMs 27
interim review (DSU 15), third party
rights DSU 314
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines
effectiveness principle (ut res magis
valeat quam pereat/effet utile) LIC 8
object and purpose, GATT XIII:2 GATT
426
ordinary meaning
“affecting” (GATS I:1) GATS 62
“no
less favourable treatment” (SG II:1 and
XVII:1) GATS 24
Lomé
waiver GATT 65, 444,
DSU 399
right of Panel to consider DSU
399
MFN treatment (GATS II), “like
service and service supplier” (GATS
II:1), wholesale transactions GATS 26
multiple complainants (DSU 9)
single panel, “whenever
feasible” (DSU 9.1)
separate reports (DSU 9.2) DSU
296
structure DSU
300
national treatment (GATS XVII), “like
service and service supplier” (GATS
II:1), wholesale transactions GATS 75
national treatment, regulatory
discrimination (GATT III:4)
“affecting”,
licensing procedures GATT 259
“affecting their internal sale,
offering for sale, purchase …”,
purpose of measure, relevance GATT 259
general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT
259
TRIMs and TRIMs
27
national treatment, services and service
suppliers (GATS XVII), determination of violation, requirements, aims and
effects test GATS 75
non-discriminatory administration of
quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII)
allocation of quotas to Members having a
substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)) GATT 441
allocation of quotas to Members not
having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)), allocation of tariff/import
quotas to non-Members GATT 441, 442
inclusion of inconsistent allocations in
Schedule of Concessions, relevance GATT 111
object and purpose (GATT XIII:2) GATT
426, 432
relationships within and between
agreements TRIMs 27
GATT I/GATT XIII GATT
65
GATT X:1/GATT X:3 GATT
372
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2)
identification of specific measures at
issue, measures implementing measure specifically referred to, sufficiency DSU
203
legal basis of claim, arguments
distinguished DSU 283
legal basis of claim, summary,
sufficiency, listing of articles without explanation, sufficiency DSU
216
specific provisions allegedly breached,
reference to (DSU 6.2) DSU 215
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II),
interpretation and clarification, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties GATT
111
third party rights
panel proceedings
(DSU 10 and Appendix 3)
enhancement in accordance with due
process
agreement between the parties, relevance DSU
312
opportunity to be heard at second
substantive meeting DSU 313
panel’s
discretion and DSU 312
participation in interim review process
(DSU 15), exclusion DSU 314
presence at second substantive meeting DSU
313
submission of additional written
material, exclusion DSU 313
GATT practice DSU
312
opportunity to be heard (DSU 10.2) DSU
312
“present their views”
(Appendix 3, para. 6) DSU 313
written submissions (DSU 10.2) DSU
312
waivers, GATT I/GATT XIII waivers,
relationship GATT 444
Working Procedures (panel) (DSU 12.1 and
Appendix 3 (WP)), departure from after consultation with/agreement of parties
(DSU 12.1) DSU 313
WTO Agreement
conflict between
constituent covered agreements (WTO, Annex 1A)
existence TRIMs
21–2
GATT 1994/LIC and TRIMs 2 TRIMs
21–2
presumption against WTO General
Interpretative Note, SCM 416–17, DSU
62
EC
— Bananas III (Article 21.5 — Ecuador) (Panel), WT/DS27/RW/ECU, DSR
1999:II
non-discriminatory administration of quantitative restrictions
(GATT XIII)
allocation of quotas to Members not
having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)) GATT
439–40
object and purpose (GATT XIII:2) GATT
439
EC
— Bananas III (Article 21.3), WT/DS27/15, DSR 1998:I
burden of proof, implementation of DSB
recommendations and rulings (DSU 21.3) DSU 593
implementation of recommendations and
rulings of the DSB (DSU 21)
impracticality of immediate
compliance/reasonable period of time (DSU 21.3, chapeau)
“reasonable period”
15-month guideline (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU
556
burden of proof DSU
593
entry into force of legislative
instrument, relevance DSU 579
EC
— Bananas III (Ecuador) (Article 22.6 — EC), WT/DS27/ARB, DSR 1999:II
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
due process and DSU
659, 687
scope of review/arbitrators’
mandate (DSU 22.7)
agreement/sector for which authorization
is sought (DSU 22.3), limitation to DSU 662
determination of “equivalence”
(DSU 22.3) DSU 702
methodology paper, request for DSU
731
rejection of proposed level of
suspension and DSU 744, 745
specificity requirements
agreement and sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU
662
arbitrators’
margin of discretion DSU 680
DSU 6.2 requirements, applicability DSU
659, 687
specific level of suspension (DSU 22.4) DSU
661, 753–4
due process (dispute settlement
proceedings)
arbitration (DSU 22.6) and DSU 659,
687
specificity requirements (DSU 6.2) DSU
659, 687
implementation of panel or AB
recommendations (DSU 19.1), right of panel or AB to make suggestions DSU
505
intellectual property conventions (TRIPS
2), preservation of existing obligations (TRIPS 2.2) TRIPS
14
interpretation of covered agreements
specific terms and phrases
“effective”
(DSU 22.3(b) and (c)) DSU 679
“practical”
(DSU 22.3(b) and (c)) DSU 679
relationships within and between
agreements, DSU 22.3(b)/DSU 22.3(c) DSU 681
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2), suspension of concessions (DSU 22.2), applicability to
DSU 659, 687
suspension of concessions for
non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
agreement to DSU
753–4
level equivalent to nullification or
impairment (DSU 22.4), Article 22.6 Arbitrator’s
right to review DSU 702
nature and purpose of counter measures DSU
647
“or other obligations”,
authorization to suspend (DSU 22.2) DSU 666
suspension in other sectors (DSU
22.3(b))/under other agreements (DSU 22.3(c)), relationship between DSU
681
suspension in same sector as violation
as preferred option (DSU 22.3(a)) DSU 676
“if that party considers that
it is not practical or effective” (DSU
22.3(b) and (c)) DSU 679–80
EC
— Bananas III (US) (Article 22.6 — EC)
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
scope of review/arbitrators’
mandate (DSU 22.7)
determination of “equivalence”
(DSU 22.3) DSU 732, 739–40
WTO-consistency as prior consideration DSU
739–40
DSU 22.6 and DSU 22.7 compared DSU
701
specificity requirements, agreement and
sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU 674
third party rights DSU
695
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU
14/DSU 17 10/DSU 18 2/WP 3) business confidential information (DSU 18.2), additional
procedures, need for, Article 22.6
arbitration DSU 488
interpretation of covered agreements
ordinary meaning, “equivalent”
(DSU 22.4) DSU 732
specific terms and phrases, “appropriate”
(GATT 1947: XXIII:2) DSU 741
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
direct or indirect benefits (DSU 3.3) DSU
709
lost opportunities, relevance DSU
709
presumption in case of inconsistency
with covered agreement DSU 709
suspension of concessions for
non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
agreement to DSU
750
level equivalent to nullification or
impairment (DSU 22.4)
aggregate effects on suppliers as a
whole DSU 718
“appropriate”
(GATT 1947: XXIII:2) distinguished DSU 741, 746
comparability of bases, need for DSU
729
double-counting DSU
723
“equivalent”,
quantitative test DSU 732, 742
indirect benefits and DSU
522
lost opportunities, relevance DSU
709
national treatment provisions (GATT III)
distinguished DSU 709
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
distinguished DSU 709
nature and purpose of counter measures DSU
646
suspension in same sector as violation
as preferred option (DSU 22.3(a)), “sectors”
DSU 677
as temporary measure (DSU 22.8) DSU
646
third party rights, arbitration (DSU
22.6) DSU 695
EC
— Bed Linen dispute (WT/DS141)
arbitration (DSU 22.6), timing in
relation to Article 21.5 arbitration (“sequencing”),
ad hoc procedural agreements, non-application of 30-day Article 22.6 deadline DSU
634
implementation of recommendations and
rulings of the DSB (DSU 21), ad hoc procedural agreements DSU
634
EC
— Bed Linen (AB), WT/DS141/AB/R, DSR 2001:V and DSR 2001:VI
determination of dumping (AD 2)
calculation of administrative, selling
and general costs and profits (AD 2.2.2)
“weighted average”
(AD 2.2.2(ii))
sales not in the ordinary course of
trade (“actual amounts incurred and
realized”) AD
43–4
single exporter or producer, sufficiency
AD 42, 470
calculation of dumping margins (AD 2.4)
comparison of weighted average normal
value with weighted average of all comparable export transactions (AD
2.4.2) AD 76
“comparable”
AD 78–9
imposition and collection of
anti-dumping duties (AD 9), relevance AD
88 n. 120
product types/product as a whole (AD
2.4.2) AD 80
targeted dumping AD
88
“zeroing”
AD 76, 80
fair comparison of export price and
normal value (AD 2.4), margins of dumping (AD 2.4.2) AD
73–4
sales transaction not “in
the ordinary course of trade”, weighted
average (AD 2.2.2(ii)) and AD 43–4
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines, multiple permissible
interpretations AD 643 n. 835
specific terms and phrases, “comparable”
(AD 2.4.2) AD 78–9
relationships within and between
agreements
AD 2.2.2(i)/AD 9.4(i) AD
42, 470
AD 2.4.2/AD 2.4 AD
79
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD
17.6), interpretation of relevant provisions of AD (AD 17.6(ii)), “admits
of more than one permissible interpretation”
AD 643 n. 835
Working Procedures (appellate review
(DSU 17.9 and ABWP)), timetable, modification in exceptional circumstances (ABWP 16(2)) DSU 851,
875
EC
— Bed Linen (Panel), WT/DS141/R, DSR 2001:V and DSR 2001:VI
AD Agreement, preparatory work (VCLT
32), AD 3.4 AD 148
anti-dumping duties, imposition and
collection (AD 9), calculation of “all
other” anti-dumping duty rate (AD 9.4),
single exporter or producer (AD 9.4(i)), sufficiency AD
470
consultations (DSU 4), confidentiality
(DSU 4.6), disclosure of information obtained in same proceedings DSU
136
determination of dumping (AD 2)
calculation of administrative, selling
and general costs and profits (AD 2.2.2)
method, Members’
freedom of choice AD 37
methods, hierarchical, whether AD
37
reasonability test, relevance AD
47
calculation of dumping margins (AD 2.4),
“margins”
of dumping AD 73
determination of injury (AD 3)
“dumped imports”
AD 119–20,
143, 176
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
all relevant economic factors and
indices, need to examine
checklist approach AD
164
grammar, relevance AD
148
“including”
AD 148
“or”
AD 148
consideration of each factor, need to be
“apparent”
in final determination AD 160
“domestic industry”
companies outside domestic industry,
relevance AD 146, 225
domestic producers outside selected
example, relevance AD 145, 225
developing country Members (AD 15)
“anti-dumping duties”
AD 585
provisional duty or security (AD 10.3)
distinguished AD 585
“constructive remedy”
decision not to impose anti-dumping
duties AD 580
lesser duty or price undertaking AD
581
“explore”
AD 582–3
“domestic industry”
(AD 4), “domestic producers”
(AD 4.1), single domestic producer, applicability
to AD 224
due process (dispute settlement
proceedings), prejudice to party, relevance DSU 214
evidence (panel procedures) (DSU 12),
municipal law procedure distinguished DSU 344
good faith (including pacta sunt
servanda principle (VCLT 26)), “explore”
(AD 15) AD 582
information or technical advice, panel’s
right to seek (DSU 13/SPS 11.2) DSU 344
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines
grammar, respect for
“or”
AD 148
semi-colons, significance AD
148
use of plural form, relevance AD
224,
437 n. 574, 470
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) AD
47
means, dictionaries AD
580
ordinary meaning, “shall
include” AD
148
specific terms and phrases
“domestic producers”
(AD 4.1) AD 224–5
“dumped imports”
AD 119–20,
143, 176
investigation of dumping (AD 5)/subsidy
(SCM 11), evidence, sufficiency, investigating authority’s
obligation to examine accuracy and adequacy (AD 5.3), “examine”
AD 261
procedure, international and municipal
rules distinguished DSU 344
public notice of preliminary or final
determination (AD 12.2), explanations for initiation of investigations (AD
12.2.2), relevance AD 558–9
relationships within and between
agreements
AD 1/AD 15 AD
585–6
AD 2.2.2(i)/AD 9.4(i) AD 470
AD 3.4/AD 12.2 AD
566
AD 9.1/AD 15 AD
580
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2)
identification of specific measures at issue, omission
of subject discussed during consultations, relevance DSU
130
as two-stage test DSU
214
retroactivity (provisional measures and
anti-dumping duties) (AD 10), definitive duty higher than provisional duty,
payment/recalculation (AD 10.3) AD 585
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD
17.6)
“facts made available”
(AD 17.5(ii))
documents created for purposes of
dispute AD 624
evidence before authority at time of
determination, limitation to AD 631
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU
11), “objective assessment of the facts”,
evidence, alleged disregard or distortion by panel, obligation to examine and
evaluate all the evidence available to it DSU
344
EC
— Bed Linen (Article 21.5 — India (AB), WT/DS141/AB/RW, DSR 2003:III and
DSR 2003:IV
anti-dumping duties, imposition and
collection (AD 9), relationships within and between agreements, AD 6.10/AD 9.4
AD 123
determination of injury (AD 3)
“dumped imports”
AD 121–3
“positive evidence”
/ “objective examination”
requirement (AD 3.1), sampling methodology (AD 6.10) and AD
123
evidentiary rules (investigation of
dumping) (AD 6), timely disclosure to interested parties of information
relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4), “relevant”,
panel’s obligation to assure itself of
validity of “information”
AD 630
panel reports, legal status, unappealed
finding in adopted report DSU 533, 609
prompt and satisfactory resolution of
disputes, Members’ right to (DSU 3),
impairment of benefits by measures taken by another Member (DSU 3.3),
arbitration (DSU 21.5) and DSU 609
relationships within and between
agreements
AD 3/AD 6.10 AD 123
DSU 16.4, 19.1, 21.1, 21.3 and 22.1 DSU
533, 609
review of implementation of DSB rulings
(DSU 21.5)
“matter” DSU 601bis
“measures taken to comply”
DSU 603
examination on basis of facts proved
during panel proceedings, limitation to DSU 613
limitation to DSU
607
parties’
assessment, relevance DSU 606
unappealed finding and DSU
604, 609
prompt and satisfactory settlement (DSU
3.3) and DSU 609
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD
17.6), assessment of the facts (AD 17.6(i)), de novo review, exclusion AD
630
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU
11)
“objective assessment of the
facts”
evidence, alleged disregard or
distortion by panel
discretion in assessment of evidence DSU
340, 347, 354
egregious error, need for DSU
347, 354
“objective assessment of matter
before it”, error of law, application of
burden of proof rules DSU 354
EC
— Bed Linen (Article 21.5 — India (Panel), WT/DS141/RW, DSR 2003:III and
DSR 2003:IV
determination of dumping (AD 2),
calculation of administrative, selling and general costs and profits (AD
2.2.2), “weighted average”
(AD 2.2.2(ii)), by value or volume AD 45–6
determination of injury (AD 3)
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
all relevant economic factors and
indices, need to examine, eventual relevance of factor, relevance AD
153
consideration as a whole AD 153
interpretation
of covered agreements, specific terms and phrases, “dumped
imports” AD
121–3
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2), legal basis of claim, arguments distinguished DSU
228
review of implementation of DSB rulings
(DSU 21.5)
“measures taken to comply”
examination on basis of facts proved
during panel proceedings, limitation to DSU 612
unappealed finding and DSU
604, 609
EC
— Citrus Products (Panel), L/5776
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), as
non-violation claim “benefit”
(GATT XXIII:1(b)) GATT 659 n. 935
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), “benefit”,
MFN treatment GATT 659 n. 935
EC
— Computer Equipment (AB), WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R WT/DS68/AB/R, DSR
1998:V
due process (dispute settlement
proceedings), prejudice to party, relevance DSU 276,
923
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines
legitimate expectations, relevance,
tariff concessions in Member’s schedule
and GATT 89–91,
104, DSU 46,
75
parties’
intentions (VCLT 31(1)), common intention DSU 46,
75
means
context (VCLT 31.2)
customs classification practice DSU
38–9
prior practice, need for consistency DSU
39
preparatory work (VCLT 32) DSU
35
preparatory work (VCLT 32)
Harmonized System of Customs
Classification and Explanatory Notes DSU 38
unilateral customs classification
practice DSU 39
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), “benefit”/legitimate
expectation of improved market access as, reasonable anticipation and GATT
669
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2)
identification of specific measures at
issue
application of tariffs as measure DSU 194
identification of product, need for DSU
208
“practice”
as measure DSU 194
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
as integral part of GATT 1994 (GATT
II:7) GATT 105
interpretation and clarification
applicable rules, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
GATT
89
common intentions of parties GATT
89–90,
DSU 75
Harmonized System and Explanatory Notes
and GATT 92
legitimate expectations and GATT
89–91,
104
“treatment contemplated”
(GATT II:5) and GATT 104, DSU
46
Member State practice GATT
94–6
World Customs Organization decisions and GATT 93
World Customs Organization (WCO),
decisions as aid to interpretation of Schedules of Tariff Concessions GATT
93
EC
— Hormones (AB), WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, DSR 1998:I
Appellate Body (AB) (DSU 17), reports,
extension of deadline for circulation (DSU 17.5) DSU
442
burden of proof
allocation, general rule/exception,
relationship, relevance, SPS 3.1 and 3.3 DSU 1012
onus probandi actori incumbit SPS
19, DSU 990
prima facie case, need for GATT
396, 499, SPS
57
“prima facie”
DSU 993
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2),
right to develop own legal reasoning including arguments not adduced by
parties (jura novit curia) DSU 224 n. 322
due process (dispute settlement
proceedings)
good faith evaluation of evidence and DSU
350
panel’s discretion on matters of procedure (DSU 12.1 and Appendix 3)
DSU 307
expert evidence, multiple complainants
and (DSU 9.3) DSU 305–7
expert review groups, rules and
procedures (DSU, Appendix 4), panel’s
right to establish ad hoc rules SPS 191
harmonization of SPS measures (SPS 3)
measures based on international
standards (SPS 3.1)
“based on”,
“conform to”
distinguished SPS 60–1,
69
presumption of consistency with SPS/GATT (burden proof) SPS
57, 59, DSU 1012,
1016
measures which conform to international
standards (SPS 3.2)
burden of proof SPS
62–3,
DSU 1012
“conform to”
SPS 60–1
incorporation into municipal law SPS
59
presumption of consistency with SPS/GATT
(burden proof) (SPS 3.2) SPS 59, DSU 1012
measures which result in a higher level
of protection (SPS 3.3)
as autonomous right SPS
66, DSU
1012
limitations on SPS
67
interrelationship with SPS 3.1 and 3.2 SPS
58–9
Members’
right to choose SPS 3, 66–7
“or as a consequence … “
SPS 71
precautionary principle and SPS
68
SPS 5.1–8,
obligation of compliance SPS 71
object and purpose SPS
51–2
precautionary principle and DSU
78
information or technical advice, panel’s
right to seek (DSU 13/SPS 11.2)
“from any individual or body”
(DSU 13.1), individual advice, right to seek SPS
188, DSU
417
panel’s
rights
to consult individual experts SPS
188
to establish group of experts DSU
417
to make ad hoc rules DSU
417
interpretation of covered agreements
applicable law, customary rules of
interpretation of public international law [as codified in the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)], DSU 3.2 3, 4
guidelines, text/plain language (VCLT
31(2)) GATT 42 n. 76, SPS
102, DSU
28
means
footnotes to treaty SPS
71
in dubio mitius principle, as
supplementary means of interpretation DSU 42
ordinary meaning, “based
on” SPS 52,
61, 97
specific terms and phrases
“based on”
(SPS 3.1) SPS 52
“conform to”
(SPS 3.2) distinguished SPS 60–1,
69
“based on”
(SPS 5.1) SPS 97–8
multiple complainants (DSU 9)
harmonization of panels and timetables
(DSU 9.3), joint meeting with experts DSU 305
prompt and satisfactory resolution of
disputes, Members’ right to (DSU 3) and,
joint meeting with experts DSU 305
third party participation in panel
proceedings initiated by another complainant DSU
307
municipal law, incorporation of
international SPS standard SPS 59
national treatment, tax discrimination
(GATT III:2), discrimination or disguised restriction of trade resulting from
inconsistency of SPS measure (SPS 5.5) distinguished SPS
141–2
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28)
in absence of different intention DSU
66
continuing measures DSU
66
precautionary principle (SPS Agreement)
consistency of measures with SPS
Agreement, need for SPS 3, DSU 78
customary international environmental
law, as principle SPS 2, DSU 78
customary international law, whether SPS
2, DSU 78
harmonization of measures (SPS 3.3) and SPS
68
SPS Preamble SPS
3 DSU
78
sufficient scientific evidence (SPS 5.7) and SPS
3, 22, 169, DSU 78
prompt and satisfactory resolution of
disputes, Members’ right to (DSU 3),
impairment of benefits by measures taken by another Member (DSU 3.3), multiple
complainants (DSU 9.3) and DSU 305
relationships within and between
agreements
GATT III:2/SPS 5.5 SPS
141–2
SPS 2/SPS 3 SPS
46
SPS 2/SPS 5 SPS
46
SPS 2.2/SPS 5.2 SPS
30
SPS 2.3/SPS 5.5 SPS
41–3
SPS 3 as a whole SPS
59
SPS 3.3/SPS 5.1 SPS
75
SPS/WTO XVI:4 SPS
206
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2), legal basis of claim, arguments distinguished DSU
224
risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3
and Annex A, para. 4)
“appropriate to the
circumstances” (SPS 5.1) SPS
118
ascertainable/theoretical risk
distinguished (SPS 5.1), quantitative threshold, relevance GATT
116
assessment prepared other than by Member
concerned, acceptability (SPS 5.1 and Annex A, para. 4) SPS
109
“available scientific evidence”
(relevant factors) (SPS 5.2) SPS 125–7
balance of SPS interests and (SPS 5.1) SPS
100
explanation for measure allegedly in
breach of SPS 5, burden of proof, relevance SPS 171
measures based on, need for (SPS
5.1) SPS 97–9
“appropriate to the
circumstances” (SPS 5.1) SPS
118
evidence of, specific reference to,
relevance SPS 121
rational relationship between measure
and risk, need for SPS 98
methodology
assessment for each substance, need for SPS
106
as scientific process SPS
125
relevance of
potential abuse SPS
127
risk arising from difficulty of control SPS
126
“risk assessment”
(Annex 4, para. 4) SPS 218–19
“potential”
SPS 223
risk management distinguished (SPS 5.1
and Annex A, para. 4) SPS 102
“scientific justification”
(SPS 3.3) and SPS 71, 100
specificity of assessment, need for (SPS
5.1 and 5.2) SPS 108, 114,
221
“sufficient scientific evidence”
requirement (SPS 2.2) and SPS 98
as complementary obligations SPS
30
divergence of expert views, relevance SPS
26, 98
“taking into account risk
assessment techniques” (SPS 5.1) SPS
97
scientific evidence, need for sufficient
(SPS 2.2)
as part of trade/protection of human
life and health balance SPS 8
precautionary principle (SPS 5.7) SPS
3, 22, 169, DSU 78
rational or objective relationship
between SPS measure and scientific evidence, need for SPS
98
ad hoc determination SPS
98
SPS Agreement
applicability (SPS 1.1), measures in
existence before entry into force of SPS agreement SPS
6, 206
basic rights and obligations (SPS 2)
arbitrary or unjustifiable
discrimination, exclusion (SPS 2.3), appropriate level of protection and (SPS
5.5) SPS 41–3
as balance between promotion of
international trade and protection of human, animal or plant life or health SPS
8, 100
burden of proof DSU
990
harmonization of measures (SPS 3) SPS
57, 59, 62, DSU 1012
international standards, guidelines and
recommendations, possibility of non-compliance or non-existence (SPS 5 8) SPS
171
measures which conform to international standards, presumption of consistency with
SPS/GATT (SPS 3.2) SPS
59, 62–3,
DSU 1012
risk assessment (SPS 5) SPS
171
definitions (Annex A), “risk
assessment” (Annex A, para. 4): see risk
assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3 and
Annex A, para. 4)
interpretation, applicability to
pre-existing situations and measures DSU 66
Preamble, precautionary principle and SPS
3, DSU 78
SPS measures, appropriate level of
protection (SPS 5.5–5.6)
consistency in application (SPS 5.5)
arbitrary or unjustifiable
inconsistencies, exclusion SPS 139
cumulative nature of obligations SPS
133
discrimination or disguised restriction
of trade resulting from inconsistency SPS 141–3
distinctions in the level of protection
in different situations, comparability SPS 135
legal obligation, whether SPS
134
SPS measures, international standards,
guidelines and recommendations, possibility of non-compliance or non-existence
(SPS 5.8), burden of proof SPS 59, 171
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues
of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
classification as issue of law or fact,
compliance/consistency with treaty obligations DSU
448
completion of the legal analysis in case
of, contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts DSU
463
issues of law/legal interpretations,
alleged failure of panel to make objective assessment (DSU 11) DSU
350
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU
11)
completion of the legal analysis DSU
224
objections, requirements, opportunity to
cure procedural defect and DSU 937
“objective assessment of the
facts”
de novo review, exclusion DSU
327
evidence, alleged disregard or
distortion by panel
discretion in assessment of evidence DSU
339, 1006
discretion in selection of evidence to
refer to explicitly DSU 337, 339
egregious error, need for DSU
337, 350
obligation to examine and evaluate all
the evidence available to it DSU 337
“objective assessment of matter
before it”, error of law, equation of “based
on” and “conform
to” SPS 69, 97
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), as
definition of jurisdiction/legal claims at issue, legal claim included in
terms of reference, limitation of jurisdiction to DSU
224
third party rights
panel proceedings (DSU 10 and Appendix
3)
enhancement in accordance with due
process, panel’s discretion and DSU
307
multiple complainants (DSU 9) and DSU
307, 315
Working Procedures (panel) (DSU 12.1 and
Appendix 3 (WP)), panel’s discretion DSU
307, 814–15
WTO Agreement, obligation to ensure
conformity of domestic laws, regulations and administrative procedures (WTO
XVI:4), “existing legislation”
exceptions, exclusion SPS 206
EC
— Hormones (Canada)/(US) (Panels), WT/DS26/R, WT/DS48/R, DSR 1998:I
consistency in application (SPS 5.5),
arbitrary or unjustifiable inconsistencies, exclusion SPS
139
expert review groups, rules and
procedures (DSU, Appendix 4)
appointment procedures SPS
192
methods for obtaining advice SPS
194
harmonization of SPS measures (SPS 3)
measures based on international
standards (SPS 3.1)
“based on”
SPS 52
“where they exist”
SPS 53
interpretation of covered agreements, specific terms and
phrases, “potential”
(SPS Annex A, para. 4) SPS 223
relationships within and between
agreements
GATT I and III/SPS GATT
301
GATT III:2/SPS 5.5 SPS
141
GATT III/SPS SPS
209
GATT XI/SPS SPS
209
GATT XX(b)/SPS SPS
208, DSU
904
SPS 2.2/SPS 5.4 and 5.6 SPS
33
SPS 2.2/SPS 5.4–5.6
SPS 30
SPS 3 as a whole SPS
58
SPS/TBT SPS 207
risk assessment, need for (SPS 5.1–5.3
and Annex A, para. 4)
elements/three-pronged test (Annex A,
para. 4), “potential”,
“probable”
distinguished SPS 223
methodology, assessment for each
substance, need for SPS 106
minimization of negative trade effects,
obligation (SPS 5.4) SPS 101, 130
relevant economic factors (SPS 5.3),
unknown and uncertain elements, relevance SPS 129
“sufficient scientific evidence”
requirement (SPS 2.2) and, divergence of expert views, relevance SPS
195
“taking into account risk
assessment techniques” (SPS 5.1) SPS
97
timing of assessment (SPS 5.1) SPS
111
SPS Agreement
applicability (SPS 1.1)
GATT XX(b), relevance SPS
211
phytosanitary measure affecting
international trade SPS 5, 210
basic rights and obligations (SPS 2), as
balance between promotion of international trade and protection of human,
animal or plant life or health, “only to
the extent necessary”, trade-restrictive
measures, exclusion (SPS 5.4–6) and SPS
33
burden of proof, guidelines and
recommendations, possibility of non-compliance or non-existence (SPS 5.8) SPS
171
TBT Agreement, applicability to (TBT
1.5) SPS 207, TBT 4
SPS measures, appropriate level of
protection (SPS 5.5–5.6)
consistency in application (SPS 5.5)
arbitrary or unjustifiable
inconsistencies, exclusion SPS 33
discrimination or disguised restriction
of trade resulting from inconsistency SPS 141
distinctions in the level of protection
in different situations, comparability SPS 135
SPS measures, international standards,
guidelines and recommendations, possibility of non-compliance or non-existence
(SPS 5.8), burden of proof SPS 59, 171
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU
11), risk assessment (SPS Agreement), exclusion SPS 94
third party rights
panel proceedings (DSU 10 and Appendix
3)
enhancement in accordance with due process
panel’s
discretion and DSU 307
presence at second substantive meeting DSU
307
multiple complainants (DSU 9) and DSU
307
EC
— Hormones (Canada) (Article 22.6 — EC), WT/DS48/ARB, DSR 1999:III
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
scope of review/arbitrators’
mandate (DSU 22.7)
determination of “equivalence”
(DSU 22.3)
methodology paper, request for DSU
730
“nature of concession”,
exclusion (DSU 22.7) DSU 663, 733,
742
specificity requirements
agreement and sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU
663
product list DSU
663
specific level of suspension (DSU 22.4) DSU
663, 733
third party rights DSU
696
burden of proof, suspension of concessions, conformity with DSU 22.4 DSU
689
suspension of concessions for
non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
level equivalent to nullification or
impairment (DSU 22.4) DSU 752
burden of proof DSU
689
“equivalent”
(DSU 22.3), quantitative test DSU 733–
742
reasoned estimates, need for DSU
713
EC
— Hormones (US) (Article 22.6 — EC), WT/DS26/ARB, DSR 1999:III
arbitration (DSU 22.6)
scope of review/arbitrators’
mandate (DSU 22.7)
determination of “equivalence”
(DSU 22.3)
methodology paper, request for DSU
730
“nature of concession”,
exclusion (DSU 22.7) DSU 663, 733,
742
rejection of proposed level of
suspension and DSU 743
specificity requirements
agreement and sectors (DSU 22.3) DSU
660, 663
DSU 3 provisions and DSU
686
specific level of suspension (DSU 22.4) DSU
660, 663, 733
third party rights DSU
696
burden of proof, suspension of
concessions, conformity with DSU 22.4 DSU 689
order of analysis, specific/general
provision SPS 208
suspension of concessions for
non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22)
agreement to DSU
751
level equivalent to nullification or
impairment (DSU 22.4) DSU 660
burden of proof DSU
689
“carousel”
type suspension DSU 665
“equivalent”
(DSU 22.3), quantitative test DSU 733
responsibility of Member to ensure DSU
665
EC
— Hormones (Article 21.3), WT/DS26/15, WT/DS48/13, DSR 1998:V
burden of proof, implementation
measures, reasonable period for (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU
594
implementation of recommendations and
rulings of the DSB (DSU 21)
impracticality of immediate
compliance/reasonable period of time (DSU 21.3, chapeau)
“reasonable period”
15-month guideline (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU
554, 557
burden of proof DSU
594
shortest period possible within Member’s
normal legislative process DSU 557
interpretation of covered agreements
means
dictionaries DSU
557
implementation of recommendations and
rulings of the DSB (DSU 21), impracticality of immediate compliance/reasonable
period of time (DSU 21.3, chapeau), “reasonable
period”, time to conduct studies/risk
assessment, exclusion DSU 588
specific terms and phrases, “prompt”
(DSU 21.1) DSU 557
prompt and satisfactory resolution of
disputes, Members’ right to (DSU 3),
prompt compliance with DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 21) and DSU
557
EC
— Poultry (AB), WT/DS69/AB/R, DSR 1998:V
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2), “clarification
of existing provisions” DSU
22
decisions, procedures and customary
practices under GATT 1947 (WTO XVI:1), joint decisions, limitation to WTO
217
Import Licensing Procedures Agreement
(LIC)
conformity with GATT principles and obligations requirement (LIC
Preamble and 1.2) LIC 1
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3)
small quantities, allocation in respect of (LIC 3.5(i)) LIC
29
transparency and predictability
requirement and LIC 24
over-quota trade, applicability LIC
1,
3
trade-restrictive or trade-distortive
effects, avoidance (LIC 1.2 and 3.2) LIC 3,
10
transparency and predictability
requirement (LIC Preamble) LIC 1
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3)
and LIC 24
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines, text/plain language (VCLT
31(2)) AG 44–5
means
customary international trade usage AG
44
preamble of agreement under
consideration LIC 1
preparatory work (VCLT 32), Oilseeds
Agreement as DSU 40
supplementary means (VCLT 32), other
agreements between parties DSU 40
phrases, “c.i.f.
import price” (AG 5.1(b)) AG
43–7
modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII),
applicability of GATT I and XIII GATT 67, 85,
448
non-discriminatory administration of
quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII)
allocation of quotas to Members not
having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)), allocation of tariff/import
quotas to non-Members GATT 437, 441
compensation negotiations (GATT XVIII)
and GATT 448, 732
Oilseeds Agreement (EC-Brazil), covered
agreement, whether WTO 217, GATT 2, DSU
3
publication and administration of trade
regulations (GATT X)
administration in a uniform, impartial
and reasonable manner (GATT X:3(a)), equivalence, as procedural requirement GATT
363
measures of general application (GATT
X:1) GATT 363, 366
relationships within and between
agreements
GATT I and XIII/GATT XXVIII GATT
67, 448
GATT X/GATT as a whole GATT
374
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II),
non-discrimination under GATT I and GATT 67,
85
special safeguards (AG 5)
calculation method (AG 5.5), right of
choice AG 48
c.i.f. import price (AG 5(1)(b)) AG
43–7
customary international trade usage AG
44
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues
of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
completion of the legal analysis in case
of, disagreement with panel DSU 464
findings or developed legal
interpretations, limitation to (DSU 13) DSU 456
findings or developed legal
interpretations, limitation to (DSU 17.13) GATT
441, DSU 479
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU
11)
“objective assessment of matter
before it”
all arguments, need to consider DSU
22, 333, 1034
allegation of failure to make,
seriousness DSU 330
Working Procedures (appellate review
(DSU 17.9 and ABWP)), written responses (ABWP 28) DSU
883
EC
— Poultry (Panel), WT/DS69/R, DSR 1998:V
Import Licensing Procedures Agreement
(LIC)
conformity with GATT principles and obligations requirement (LIC
Preamble and 1.2) LIC 3
export performance, relevance (LIC
3.5(j)) AG 30, LIC
13
neutrality in application and
administration in a fair and equitable manner, need for (LA 1.3) LIC
13
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3),
newcomer provision (LIC 3.5(j)) LIC 29, 31
notification obligations (LIC 1.4) LIC
15
rules and procedures distinguished LIC
13
speculation in licences (LIC 3.5(h) and
(j)) LIC 28
trade-restrictive or trade-distortive
effects, avoidance (LIC 1.2 and 3.2) LIC 10
transparency and predictability
requirement (LIC Preamble)
frequent changes to rules and LIC
16
non-automatic import licensing (LIC 3)
and LIC 24
modification of schedules (GATT XXVIII)
applicability of GATT I and XIII GATT 731–2
non-discriminatory administration of quantitative
restrictions (GATT XIII), distribution of trade as close as possible to
expected shares in absence of restrictions as aim (GATT XIII:2, chapeau) GATT
437
notification obligations and procedures,
import licensing LIC 15
relationships within and between
agreements, GATT I and XIII/GATT XXVIII GATT 67,
448
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7)
identification of specific measures at
issue
termination of measures before agreement on terms of reference DSU
198
continuing relevance DSU
263
EC
— Sardines (AB), WT/DS231/AB/R, DSR 2002:VIII
abuse of rights/abus de droit,
withdrawal of notice of appeal (WP 30) as DSU 891
amicus curiae briefs, panel’s
authority/discretion to accept or reject PSI 52, DSU
1047
burden of proof
allocation
comparative difficulties, relevance DSU
998
general rule/exception, relationship,
relevance SPS 3.1 and 3.3 TBT 9, DSU
1016
TBT 2.4 TBT 9,
DSU 1016
TBT 2.4 DSU
1016
due process (dispute settlement
proceedings)
opportunity to respond to
evidence/presentations of other parties DSU 865
prejudice to party, relevance DSU
865
evidence (panel procedures) (DSU 12),
time limits for submission, panel’s
right to admit “late”
evidence, evidence submitted during interim review DSU
371, 435
good faith (including pacta sunt
servanda principle (VCLT 26)), dispute settlement procedures, engagement
in (DSU 3.10) DSU 890–1
information or technical advice, panel’s
right to seek (DSU 13/SPS 11.2), panel’s
rights, not to seek DSU 431
interim review (DSU 15), submission of
new evidence during, exclusion DSU 371
“international standards … as
a basis for technical regulation” (TBT
2.4)
applicability to pre-existing measures TBT
6–8
“as a basis”
TBT 16–19
burden of proof, onus probandi actori
incumbit TBT 9
“ineffective or inappropriate
means” TBT 20–1
“international standard”,
consensus, relevance TBT 10–12
legitimacy of objective (TBT 2.2/2.4),
relevance TBT 22
“relevant”
TBT 14–15
“relevant parts of them”
TBT 19
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP
20(2))
due process and DSU
865
replacement DSU
865, 892
withdrawal of appeal (ABWP 30),
conditioned on right to refile notice of appeal in accordance with WP 20 DSU
865, 889–91
“technical regulation”
(TBT, Annex 1.1)
identifiability requirement TBT
60–2
express identification, relevance TBT
61
naming and labelling distinguished TBT
62
Textiles and Clothing Agreement (ATC)
“standards”
(Annex 1.2)
applicability in case of departure from
ISO/IEC Guide (TBT 2.4) TBT 63
consensus, relevance (Annex 1.2 and
Explanatory note) TBT 63
Working Procedures (appellate review
(DSU 17.9 and ABWP)), fair, prompt and effective resolution of disputes as
object and purpose DSU 838, 889–91
EC
— Sardines (Panel), WT/DS231/R, DSR 2002:VIII
burden of proof
allocation, general rule/exception,
relationship, relevance, SPS 3.1 and 3.3 DSU 1016
TBT 2 4 DSU
1016
implementation of panel or AB recommendations (DSU 19.1), right of panel or AB not to
make suggestions DSU 523
“international standards … as
a basis for technical regulation” (TBT
2.4)
applicability to pre-existing measures
harmonization of technical regulations
(TBT 2.6) and TBT 24
unilateral measures under MFA (TBT 2.5)
and TBT 23
interpretation of covered agreements,
ordinary meaning, “relevant”
TBT 14
relationships within and between
agreements
GATT III:4/TBT GATT
302
SCM 1.1/SCM, footnote 59 DSU
907
TBT 2 as a whole TBT
23–4
TBT 2.2 and 2/1/TBT 2.4 DSU
907
TBT 2.2/TBT 2.4 TBT
5
Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement
(TBT), GATT III:4 and GATT 302
EC
— Tariff Preferences (AB), WT/DS246/AB/R, DSR 2004:III
burden of proof
allocation, classification for purposes
of, relevance to interpretation of agreement GATT
41
defences and exceptions
Enabling Clause GATT
55, DSU 1007–8
inconsistency with GATT I:1, sufficiency
as basis of complaint GATT 56
Enabling Clause
burden of proof and GATT
55, DSU 1007–8
conformity with GSP (generalized,
non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory treatment), need for (Enabling Clause,
para 2(a))
“discriminate”
/ “non-discriminatory”
absence of clear qualifying criteria or
standards GATT 47
identity of tariff preferences, need for
GATT 47, 51
“in accordance”
GATT 42
conformity with GSP (generalized,
non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory treatment), need for (para 2(a)) GATT
44–50
“developing countries”
(para. 2(a)) GATT 49
“discriminate”
/ “non-discriminatory”
GATT 44–8
“generalized”
(para. 2, footnote 3) GATT 43
as exception to GATT I:1 (“notwithstanding”
(para. 1)) GATT 41
as integral part of GATT 1994 GATT
6
least developed countries (para. 2(d)),
para. 2(a), independence of GATT 50
preparatory work (VCLT 32), 1971 Waiver
Decision GATT 43
treatment designed and … modified to
respond to needs of developing countries (para. 3(c)) GATT
48, 49, 53–4
development, financial and trade needs,
limitation to GATT 48
differential treatment, scope for GATT
53–4
objective standard, need for GATT
48
“positive”
response GATT 48, 53–4
“treatment designed to
facilitate and promote the trade of developing countries …”
(para. 3(a)) GATT 51–2
undue burden, avoidance GATT
52
GATT 1994, constituent elements (GATT
1994, Art. 1), “other decisions of the
Contracting Parties to GATT 1947” (Art.
1(b)(iv)), Enabling Clause, whether GATT 6
interpretation of covered agreements
applicable law, customary rules of
interpretation of public international law [as codified in the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)], DSU 3.2 GATT
41
guidelines
classification as exception, relevance GATT
42
classification for purpose of allocating
burden of proof, relevance GATT 41
object and purpose preamble as evidence
of means preamble of GATT 45
means
preamble of agreement under consideration, as evidence of object and
purpose GATT 45
preparatory work (VCLT 32), Enabling
Clause GATT 43
ordinary meaning
“generalized”
(Enabling Clause, para. 2, footnote 3) GATT 43
“non-discriminatory”
(para. 2, footnote 3) GATT 44–8
specific terms and phrases, “in
accordance with”, Enabling Clause, para.
2(a) GATT 42
order of analysis
non-discrimination (GATT I:1)/Enabling
Clause GATT 42
specific/general provision GATT
42
Working Procedures (panel) (DSU 12.1 and
Appendix 3 (WP)), panel’s discretion DSU
817
EC
— Tariff Preferences (Panel), WT/DS246/R, DSR 2004:III
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3), third
party rights and, joint representation DSU 494–5,
1027–9
due process (application of trade
measures), objective criteria, need for GATT
597
General Exceptions (GATT XX), measures
necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health (GATT XX(b))
justification
objective criteria, need for GATT
597
policy objective GATT
604–5
three-tier test GATT
603
“necessary”
GATT 607–8
implementation of panel or AB
recommendations (DSU 19.1), right of panel or AB not to make suggestions DSU
525
MFN treatment (GATT I:1), “accorded
immediately and unconditionally to the like product”,
“unconditionally”
GATT 24
relationships within and between
agreements, GATT I:1/Enabling Clause GATT 41,
42
third party rights
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU
14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3), joint representation DSU
494–5,
1027–9
panel proceedings (DSU 10 and Appendix
3), enhancement in accordance with due process, extension to all parties DSU
318
EC
— Tariff Preferences (Article 21.3), WT/DS246/14, DSR 2004:IX
burden of proof, implementation of DSB
recommendations and rulings (DSU 21.3) DSU 561
implementation of recommendations and
rulings of the DSB (DSU 21)
impracticality of immediate
compliance/reasonable period of time (DSU 21.3, chapeau)
“reasonable period”
burden of proof DSU
561
developing country Members and (DSU
21.2) DSU 548
enlargement of EU, relevance DSU
580
EU implementation of GSP system,
relevance DSU 592
flexibility of legislative system and DSU
577
EC
— Tube or Pipe Fittings (AB), WT/DS219/AB/R, DSR 2003:VI and DSR:VIII
Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), principles
(AD 1), “initiated and conducted in
accordance with the provisions of this Agreement”,
developments during period of investigation, relevance AD
9–10
determination of dumping (AD 2)
calculation of dumping margins (AD 2.4),
method, right to choose, GATT VI:2 and GATT
340
period of investigation (POI), changes
during, relevance AD 9–10
sales transaction not “in
the ordinary course of trade”, weighted
average (AD 2.2.2(ii)) and AD 43–4
determination of injury (AD 3)
causal relationship manner of evaluating
(AD 3 5),non-attribution to dumped imports of injury caused by other factors (AD 3.5) AD
184
cumulative assessment (AD 3.3)
conditions AD
139
country by country analysis (AD 3.2) and
AD 138
“may”
AD 139
rationale AD
140
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4),
examination of other known factors (AD 3.5), “known”
to investigating authority AD 178
evidentiary rules (investigation of
dumping) (AD 6), timely disclosure to interested parties of information
relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4), “relevant”
AD 348–9
relationships within and between
agreements
AD 2/GATT VI:2 GATT
340
AD 3.2/AD 3.3 AD
138
AD 6.2/AD 6.4 AD
356
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues
of law and legal interpretations) (DSU 17.6), issues not identified during
Panel proceedings DSU 457
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD
17.6), assessment of the facts (AD 17.6(i)), de novo review, exclusion AD
630
EC
— Tube or Pipe Fittings (Panel), WT/DS219/R, DSR 2003:VI and DSR:VIII
Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), principles
(AD 1), “initiated and conducted in
accordance with the provisions of this Agreement”,
developments during period of investigation, relevance AD
3
anti-dumping duties, duration and review
(AD 11)
AD 11.1 as general principle underlying AD 11.2 and 3 AD
495
review mechanism, AD 11.2 as AD
507
“warranted”
(AD 11.2) AD 507
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU 18.2/WP 3), “submissions”
and statements of own position distinguished DSU 828
determination of dumping (AD 2)
fair comparison of export price and
normal value (AD 2.4)
“due allowance”,
“in each case, on its merits”
AD 58
exchange rates and (AD 2.4.1) AD
72
general “fair
comparison” requirement and AD
72
sales transaction not “in
the ordinary course of trade”, weighted average (AD 2.2.2(ii)) and AD
43–4
determination of injury (AD 3)
country by country analysis (AD 3.2),
price-undercutting AD 135
cumulative assessment (AD 3.3)
conditions AD
139
“conditions of competition”
(AD 3.3(b)) and AD 141–2
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
consideration of each factor, need to be
“apparent”
in final determination AD 162
“domestic industry”,
companies outside domestic industry, relevance AD
147
“evaluation”
AD 159
developing country Members (AD 15)
“constructive remedy”,
whether “material”
for purpose of AD 12.2 AD 572
obligations (first sentence) AD
578
due process (dispute settlement
proceedings), prejudice to party, relevance DSU 222
evidentiary rules (investigation of
dumping) (AD 6)
on-the-spot verification (AD 6.7)
as documentary exercise AD
370 n.
469
as option AD
330
timely disclosure to interested parties
of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4), information already
available to parties distinguished AD 350
executive summaries
non-summarized material, inclusion in
panel report DSU 828
panel’s
request for DSU 828
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle
(VCLT 26))
dispute settlement procedures,
engagement in (DSU 3.10) DSU 107
clarity of claims, need for DSU
235
implementation of panel or AB
recommendations (DSU 19.1), right of panel or AB not to make suggestions DSU
527
“like product”
(AD 2.6), constructed normal value (AD 2.2.2) and AD
51
preliminary rulings on
admissibility of information not made
available to investigating authorities DSU 958
claims outside terms of reference DSU
949
timing of objections DSU
984
public notice of preliminary or final
determination (AD 12.2), explanations for initiation of investigations (AD
12.2.2), relevance AD 560
relationships within and between
agreements
AD 2.2.2/AD 2.6 AD
51
AD 2.4.1/AD 2.4 as a whole AD
72
AD 11.1/AD 11.2 AD
507
AD 12/AD 15 AD
572
request for establishment of panel,
requirements (DSU 6.2)
compliance, importance of, clarification of claim
during proceedings, exclusion DSU 235
identification of specific measures at
issue DSU 235
legal basis of claim
arguments distinguished DSU
235
limitation of jurisdiction to cited
provisions, whether (DSU 7.2) DSU 221, 949
“especially, but not
exclusively”, effect DSU
221
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD
17.6), “facts made available”
(AD 17.5(ii)), evidence before authority at time of determination, limitation
to DSU 958
Working Procedures (appellate review
(DSU 17.9 and ABWP)), fair, prompt and effective resolution of disputes as
object and purpose DSU 107, 235
EEC
— Animal Feed Proteins (GATT Panel), BISD 25/S/49,
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2),
identification of specific measures at issue, termination of measures
following interim review DSU 258 n. 370
EEC
— Apples I (Chile) (GATT Panel), BISD 27S/98
non-discriminatory administration of
quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII), allocation of quotas to Members not
having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)), “representative
period” GATT
439 n. 646
nullification or impairment (GATT
XXIII), measures in force, limitation to GATT
658
EEC
— Cotton Yarn (GATT Panel), BISD 42/17,
developing country Members (AD 15), obligations (first sentence), Tokyo
Round Anti-Dumping Code (Art. 13) compared AD
577 n. 718
EEC
— Imports from Hong Kong (GATT Panel), BISD30S/129,
regional trade agreements (GATT XXIV:5), examination (GATT XXIV:7 and
Understanding, para. 7), absence of recommendation, effect GATT
706
EEC
— Oilseed I (GATT Panel), BISD 37S/86
adverse effects (SCM 5),
nullification or impairment of benefits (SCM 5(b)), systematic offset as SCM
203
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
“benefit”/legitimate
expectation of improved market access as, arising out of successive rounds of
negotiation GATT 660
as exceptional remedy GATT
644
measure in “conflict”
with GATT provisions, applicability to, concurrent application to measures
falling under other provisions of GATT GATT
648
nullification or impairment, need for,
competitive relationship as key factor GATT
671
nullification or impairment (GATT
XXIII), measures in force, limitation to GATT
658
EEC
— Parts and Components (GATT Panel), BISD 37S/132, national treatment, regulatory
discrimination (GATT III:4) “requirements”
private contractual arrangements, relevance GATT 255
Egypt
— Steel Rebar (Panel), WT/DS211/R, DSR 2002:VII
Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD), preparatory work (VCLT 32), Annex II DSU
37
burden of proof
fair comparison of export price and
normal value (AD 2.4) AD 53
written record of analysis, relevance AD
166
data collection, period for (AD 2 and AD
3), absence of provision AD 102
determination of dumping (AD 2)
calculation of administrative, selling
and general costs and profits (AD 2.2.2)
actual books and records as basis AD
30
reasonable reflection of costs associated
with the production and sale of article AD
30
cost data (AD 2.2.1.1), “reasonably
reflect costs” requirement AD
30
export price, construction in absence of
[reliable] actual export price, fair comparison (AD 2.4) distinguished AD
50
fair comparison of export price and
normal value (AD 2.4)
construction of normal value (AD 2.2)
distinguished AD 50
“due allowance”
“in each case, on its merits”
AD 57
object and purpose AD
53
“fair comparison”
AD 53
burden of proof, relevance AD
53
determination of injury (AD 3)
causal relationship, manner of
evaluating (AD 3.5), AD 3.2/AD 3.4 and AD
101, 156
country by country analysis (AD 3.2),
price-undercutting AD 134
evaluation of injury factors (AD 3.4)
all relevant economic factors and
indices, need to examine
“factors affecting domestic
prices” AD
169
“growth”
AD 171
“having a bearing on”
AD 156, 168
“profits”,
as factor/factors relating to distinguished AD
168
“evaluation”
AD 158
written record of analysis, need for AD
166–7
“positive evidence”
/ “objective examination”
requirement (AD 3.1), “objective
examination”, evaluation of injury
factors (AD 3.4) AD 169
substantive obligations as focus of AD
3, underlying principles (AD 3.1) and AD 101
threat of material injury (AD 3.7),
establishment “based on facts, not
merely allegation, conjecture or remote possibility”,
a “clearly foreseen and imminent”
change of circumstances, need for AD 188
determination of serious injury or
threat thereof (SG 4), requirements, causation (SG 4.2(b)), coincidence of
trends in imports and in injury factors AG
185
evidentiary rules (investigation of
dumping) (AD 6)
facts available to investigating authority, right of resort to
(AD 6.8/Annex II)
additional information, right to request
(Annex II, para. 1) AD 383
Annex II
applicability to AD 6.8 as a whole AD
379, 693
mandatory nature AD
379
preparatory work (VCLT 32) AD
376,
DSU 37
reliability of facts, role in ensuring AD
376
good faith (including pacta sunt
servanda principle (VCLT 26)), cooperation, relevance AD
394
invocation separately from AD 6.8 AD
703
“necessary information”
AD 398–9
obligation to submit information “as
soon as possible” (Annex II, para. 1) AD
382–3
“reasonable period”
(Annex II, para. 6) AD 699–700
reasons for disregarding information,
need for AD 415
resort to requirements AD
386–7
secondary source information, circumspection in use of (Annex II, para. 7) AD
412
“shall”
AD 379
specification “in
detail” (Annex II, para. 1) AD
382
facts available to investigating
authority, right to use (AD 6.8/Annex II), failure to cooperate (AD Annex VII,
para. 7), “to the best of its ability”
AD 408–9
full opportunity for defence of
interests, right to (AD 6.2), “opportunity”
AD 337
“notice of the information … and ample opportunity to present in writing all evidence”
(AD 6.1), “questionnaires”
(AD 6.1.1) AD 315
on-the-spot verification (AD 6.7)
AD, Annex I and AD
368
on-the-spot request for further details
(Annex I, para. 7) AD 368
good faith (including pacta sunt
servanda principle (VCLT 26)), facts available to investigating authority,
right of resort to (AD 6.8/Annex II) and AD
394
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines
parties’
intentions (VCLT 31(1)), preamble as reflection of AD
376
text/plain language (VCLT 31(2)) AD
127
means
dictionaries AD
158, 409
preparatory work (VCLT 32), AD
Agreement, Annex II AD 376, DSU 37
ordinary meaning
“evaluation”
AD 158
“fair comparison”
AD 53
specific terms and phrases, “shall”
(AD 6.8) AD 379
precedent, cases distinguished AD
166
n. 224
public notice and explanation of
determinations (AD 12)
AD 3.4 factors, written record of
analysis and AD 167
due process and AD
167
“reasonable period”,
AD, Annex II, para. 6 AD 699–700
relationships within and between
agreements
AD 3.4 as a whole AD
156
AD 3.4/AD 12.2 AD
167
AD 6.1.1/AD, Annex I AD
315
AD 6.2/AD Annex II AD
704
AD 6.7/AD, Annex I AD
368
AD 6.8/AD, Annex II AD
379
standard/powers of review (panel) (AD
17.6), assessment of the facts (AD 17.6(i)), applicability to investigating
authority AD 158
transparency, written
record/notification and AD 166–7
economic development, government assistance (GATT XVIII)
balance of payments (GATT XII) and GATT
429
quantitative restrictions (GATT XI) and GATT
422
economic integration (GATS V)
EU, accession agreements GATS
46
EU, treaties establishing GATS
46
Labour Markets Integration Agreement (GATS V bis),
notification format GATS 48
notification format (GATS V:7) GATS
42
regional trade agreements, notification GATT
698
national treatment (GATS V:1(b))/MFN treatment (GATS II),
applicability GATS 41
reporting obligations (GATS V:7) GATS
43
services agreements, notification and examination (GAT V:7)
GATS 45
“substantially all discrimination” (GATS V:1(b))
GATS 41
terms of reference for examination of notified agreements
GATS 47
Egypt, preferential tariff treatment for
least-developed country Members, notification GATT
60
Electronic Commerce Work Programme (Doha Declaration, para.
34)
developing country Members and (GATS IV)
GATS 38
GATS treatment GATS
3, 34, 49, 53,
56, 58, 63,
68,
74
Geneva Ministerial Conference and, Global Electronic
Commerce, Declaration on (Geneva) WTO 36, 46
Global Electronic Commerce, Declaration on (Geneva)
WTO 36
text
electronic transmission of information, technical
regulations (TBT 2.9) TBT 36
emergency safeguard measures (GATS X)
GATS 59–60
multilateral negotiations GATS
59–60
Working Party on GATS Rules and GATS
59–60
Enabling Clause
WTO 97
adoption GATT
29, 612
burden of proof and GATT
55, DSU 1007–8
conformity with GSP (generalized, non-reciprocal and
non-discriminatory treatment), need for (Enabling Clause, para 2(a))
“discriminate” / “non-discriminatory”
absence of clear qualifying criteria or standards
GATT 47
identity of tariff preferences, need for
GATT 47, 51
“in accordance” GATT
42
conformity with GSP (generalized, non-reciprocal and
non-discriminatory treatment), need for (para 2(a)) GATT
44–50
“developing countries” (para. 2(a)) GATT
49
“generalized” (para. 2, footnote 3) GATT
43
as exception to GATT I:1 GATT
41
as exception to GATT I:1 (“notwithstanding” (para. 1))
GATT 41
least developed countries (para. 2(d)), para. 2(a),
independence of GATT 50
notifications
GSP schemes GATT
31
notifications to GATT WTO
32
preparatory work (VCLT 32) GATT
43
1971 Waiver Decision GATT
43
regional or global arrangements amongst less-developed
countries (para. 2(c))
notification procedures GATT
36–7
notifications WTO
33–5, GATT
698
reporting arrangements GATT
36
special treatment of least-developed country Members (para.
2(d))
notification procedures, Waiver on Preferential TariV
Treatment (1999) GATT 30
notifications GATT
40
text GATT
29
treatment designed and … modified to respond to needs of
developing countries (para. 3(c)) GATT 48, 49,
53–4
development, financial and trade needs, limitation to
GATT 48
differential treatment, scope for GATT
53–4
objective standard, need for GATT
48
“positive” response GATT
48, 53–4
“treatment designed to facilitate and promote the trade
of developing countries …” (para. 3(a)) GATT
51–2
undue burden, avoidance GATT
52
enquiry/contact points
GATS III:4/GATS IV:2 GATS
37, 39–40
SPS, Annex B, para. 3 SPS
227
TBT 10.1 and 10.3 TBT
45–7
TRIPS 69 TRIPS
154
environment:
see also Trade and Environment,
Committee on; trade and environment (Doha Declaration, paras. 31–3)
GATS XIV (general exceptions) and, Decision on Trade in
Services and the Environment GATS 64
Members’ right to determine own policies WTO 1
protection as legitimate goal of national and international
policy WTO 1, 3
trade policies and, obligation to coordinate WTO 1
Equivalence, Decision on Implementation of SPS 4
Decision clarifying (7–8 November 2002 Decision)
SPS 83–4,
86–8
Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns
(para. 3.3)
SPS 93
developing country Members and SPS
93
“equivalence” SPS
79
explanation of measures, elements for inclusion
SPS 80
international cooperation outside the WTO
SPS 90–1
interruption or suspension of imports and
SPS 85–8
notification of experience relating to implementation of
SPS 4 SPS 92
recognition procedure SPS
81
accelerated procedure SPS
82–4
specific programme, recommendation to develop
SPS 93
technical assistance to facilitate implementation of SPS 4
SPS 89
timetable and agenda for discussion (2002)
SPS 93
error as to fact or situation, effect on validity of treaty
(VCLT 48(1)) GPA 12, 14–16
estoppel:
see also acquiescence
AD 5.5 violations and AD
277, 327
definition AD
277
panel competence, related proceedings in another forum and
DSU 79, 248, 948
European Communities
Enabling Clause notifications
GSP schemes GATT
31
special treatment of least-developed country Members
GATT 40
enlargement (2004), effect under GATT XXIV:5 GATT 695
n.
985, 705, GATT XXIV Annex V
GATS V:7 and GATS
46
European Union, Working Party on Enlargement,
establishment GATT
702, GATS 46
evidence, acceptability as, practice in application of
laws DSU 177
evidence, evaluation
good faith and SCM
196
private parties/subjects of international law distinguished
SCM 196
evidence (GATT XX: justification)
scientific evidence, evaluation GATT
609–12
scientific sources representing divergent opinion
GATT 610
evidence (panel procedures) (DSU 12)
municipal law procedure distinguished DSU
344
refusal of party to provide information, effect, burden of
proof and DSU 1014
time limits for submission DSU
367–73
absence of provision (Working Procedures (Appendix 3))
DSU 367
affirmative defence (SCM 3.1) DSU
831
panel’s right to admit “late” evidence
DSU 367–73,
954–6
absence of objection by other party DSU
367
evidence submitted during interim review
DSU 371,
435
information in the public domain DSU
370
opportunity to comment, need for DSU
372, 894
relevance/significance of evidence and DSU
370
time limit for rebuttal DSU
367–8
preliminary ruling on DSU
954–7
“rebuttal submissions” / “rebuttals”
DSU 373,
957
resurrection of abandoned claims AD
619, DSU 285
SCM 4 and SCM
142–4
as two-stage process DSU
367
presentation of case including facts DSU
367
rebuttal of arguments and evidence DSU
367
evidentiary rules (investigation of dumping) (AD 6)
accuracy of information, authorities’ obligation to
satisfy themselves (AD 6.6)
as responsibility of authorities AD
367
“satisfy themselves” AD
365
substantive relevance distinguished AD
366
“ample opportunity to present in writing all evidence”
(AD 6.1), extension “upon cause shown … whenever practicable” AD
397
communication of full text of application (AD 6.1.3), “as
soon as an investigation has been initiated” AD
325
confidential information (AD 6.5)
access to information provided by another interested party
(AD 6.1.1/AD 6.1.2) and AD 324
“good cause shown” AD
324, 357
information “by nature” confidential, applicability to
AD 357
as responsibility of party submitting information
AD 357
justification for request, relevance AD
361
non-confidential summaries (AD 6.5.1)
as balance between protection of confidentiality and need
to ensure opportunity to defend interests AD
416, 424
“not susceptible of summary”, need for reasons AD
359–60
purpose AD 358
public notice of determinations (AD 12) and AD
417,
449
right to rely on AD
416–18,
570
unwarranted request for confidentiality, right to disregard
information (AD 6.5.2) AD 416 553
cooperation, standard, good faith and TRIPS
41
determination of individual margins of dumping (AD 6.10)
general rule/deviation from AD
435
individual margin for each known exporter or
producer AD 437–8
exporter or producer not originally selected (AD 6.10.2)
AD 437
procedural nature AD
438
difficulties in supplying information, due
account/assistance in case of (AD 6.13) AD
411, 422
balance of interests of investigating authorities and
exporters and AD 439
facts available to investigating authority, right of resort
to (AD 6.8/Annex II)
additional information, right to request (Annex II, para.
1) AD 383
adverse facts AD
413
Annex II
applicability to AD 6.8 as a whole AD
379, 693
mandatory nature AD
379, 380
preparatory work (VCLT 32) AD
376, DSU 37
reliability of facts, role in ensuring AD
376
in case of partial lack of necessary information
AD 490–1
in case of verifiable information AD
392
“verifiable” (Annex II(3)) AD
393
ex post justification, relevance AD
419
extension of period of investigation and (Annex II, para.
1) AD 381
failure to submit necessary information “in timely
fashion” (Annex II, para. 3) and AD 397
interpretation in light of AD 6.1.1, 6.8/Annex II, para. 1
AD 397, 400,
423
as “reasonable period” / “reasonable time”
AD 397,
401–3
good faith cooperation, relevance AD
394, 406
“information appropriately submitted so that it can be
used … without undue difficulties“ (Annex II(3)) AD
395–6
information in medium or computer language required (Annex
II, para. 1) AD 404
information provided within reasonable period,
investigating authorities’ obligation to use AD
388–91
invocation separately from AD 6.8 AD
703
“necessary information” AD
398–9
objective decision-making based on facts and
AD 375
obligation to submit information “as soon as possible”
(Annex II, para. 1) AD 381–3
reasons for disregarding information, need for
AD 414–15
relationships within and between agreements
AD 378
resort to, requirements AD
385–7, 388–91
secondary source information, circumspection in use of
(Annex II, para. 7) AD 412
“shall” AD
379, 380
specification “in detail” (Annex II, para. 1)
AD 382,
384
time limits, right to set (AD 6.1.1) AD
317–20,
400
sunset reviews and AD
318–20
facts available to investigating authority, right to use
(AD 6.8/Annex II)
balance between rights of investigating authorities and
legitimate interests of parties, obligation to cooperate (Annex II, para. 7) AD
411, 422, 439
failure to cooperate (AD Annex VII, para. 7)
“less
favourable result” as possible consequence AD
405, 473
participation of non-governmental experts in on the spot
verification as justification AD 372, 410
“to the best of its ability” AD
406–9
full opportunity for defence of interests, right to (AD
6.2) AD 112
change of legal basis, obligation to inform interested
parties, whether: see public notice of preliminary
or final determination (AD 12.2), change of legal basis, obligation to inform
interested parties, whether (AD 12.2)
as due process provision AD
335
interrelationship between AD 6.2, first and second
sentences AD 335 n. 438
“opportunity” AD
337
relationship with other AD 6 paragraphs AD
338–42
“notice of the information … and ample opportunity to
present in writing all evidence” (AD 6.1)
access to information provided by another interested party,
“promptly” AD 322
access to information provided by another interested party
(AD 6.1.1/AD 6.1.2) AD 312–14,
352–4
access to file distinguished AD
321: see also evidentiary
rules (investigation of dumping) (AD 6), “notice of the information … and
ample opportunity to present in writing all evidence” (AD 6.1); evidentiary
rules (investigation of dumping) (AD 6), timely disclosure to interested
parties of information relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4)
confidential information AD
324
AD 6.5 and AD
324, 357
“interested parties participating in the investigation“
AD 323
change of legal basis, obligation to inform interested
parties, whether AD 313–14,
432
clear request for information, need for AD
308, 332, 384,
423
extension “upon cause shown … whenever practicable”
AD 317
failure to provide information on AD
311
“questionnaires” (AD 6.1.1) AD
315–16
failure to send, relevance AD
316
time limits, failure to set (AD 6.1.1) AD
309
AD 12 distinguished AD
310
notification to all interested parties of essential facts
under consideration (AD 6.9) AD 112, 334
change of legal basis, relevance AD
431
choice of means at Member’s discretion
AD 426
“essential facts” AD
427–30
essential facts forming basis of preliminary determination,
sufficiency for subsequent proceedings AD 431
timely disclosure of relevant information (AD 6.4)
distinguished AD 430
on-the-spot verification (AD 6.7)
AD, Annex I and AD
368
as documentary exercise AD
370 n. 469
“further information … to be provided” (Annex I,
para. 7)
accounting information, whether limited to
AD 371
right to verify AD
371, 691
on-the-spot request for further details (Annex I, para. 7)
AD 368
as option AD
367 n. 464, 369–70,
689
participation of non-governmental experts (Annex I, para.
2)
conflict of interest and AD
372, 690
non-cooperation (AD 6.8), as justification for AD 372,
410
notification of participation AD
373
notification of participation, burden of proof AD 373
notification of reasons for AD
374
timely disclosure to interested parties of information
relevant for presentation of case (AD 6.4) AD
344–7: see also evidentiary
rules (investigation of dumping) (AD 6), “notice of the information … and
ample opportunity to present in writing all evidence” (AD 6.1)
accidental omission of part of information AD 346–7
“harmless error” distinguished AD
347
information already available to parties distinguished AD 350
payment of fee, relevance AD
345
“relevant” AD
348–50
panel’s obligation to assure itself of validity of
“information” AD 630
“ex-positions” (ATC 2.6)
ATC 10–13
exchange arrangements (IMF cooperation) (GATT XV)
consultations and exchange of information (GATT XV:2), DSU
13.1 consultations and DSU 422
GATT practice GATT
455
exchange rates (AD 2.4.1):
see determination of
dumping (AD 2), fair comparison of export price and normal value (AD 2.4), exchange rates and (AD 2.4.1)
exclusive marketing rights (TRIPS 70.9):
see intellectual
property rights (TRIPS), exclusive marketing rights, obligations (TRIPS 70.9)
executive summaries
length/structure DSU
829
non-summarized material, inclusion in panel report
DSU 827–8
panel’s request for DSU
827–9
“exhaustible natural resources” (GATT XX(g))
as evolutionary concept WTO
3, GATT 627
GATT practice GATT
628
living natural resources, whether WTO
3, GATT 627
sustainable development as objective WTO
3, 4
“full use of the resources of the world” distinguished
WTO 4
WTO Preamble as aid to interpretation WTO
3, 4
expert evidence:
see also information or
technical advice, panel’s right to seek (DSU 13/SPS 11.2); information or
technical advice, panel’s right to seek (TBT 14)
Article 21.5 proceedings DSU
639
independent assessment, panel’s obligation to make
DSU 336
multiple complainants and (DSU 9.3) DSU
305–7
expert review groups, rules and procedures (DSU, Appendix
4)
appointment procedures SPS
190–3
methods for obtaining advice SPS
194
panel’s right to establish ad hoc rules
SPS 191
export credit guarantees:
see export subsidy
commitments, prevention of circumvention (AG 10.1), export credit guarantees
(AG 10.2); Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex
I), export credit
guarantee or insurance (item (j)); Least-Developed and Net Food- Importing
Countries, Decision on Measures concerning the Possible Negative Effects of
the Reform Programme, implementation (AG 16)
export subsidy commitments, prevention of circumvention (AG
10.1)
“applied in a manner which results in, or which threatens
to lead to, circumvention …” AG 80–1
tax exemption AG
80–1
burden of proof (AG 10.3): see burden of
proof,
reversal in respect of circumvention of export subsidy commitments (AG 10.3)
“circumvention”
scheduled and unscheduled products, distinction, whether
AG 80–1
threat of circumvention, sufficiency
AG 80
“commitments” AG
79
export competition commitments (AG 8) and
AG 81
export credit guarantees (AG 10.2), implementation,
Agriculture Committee’s work programme AG 82–5
export subsidy, AG 3.3 prohibition and AG
80–1
export subsidy, prohibited (SCM 1.1 and 3.1) and
SCM 126–8
export subsidy, prohibited (AG 3.3)
provision of export subsidies under AG 9.1, dependence on
AG 14–15
scheduled products AG
14–15
unscheduled products AG
14–15
export subsidy, prohibited (SCM, Part II):
see also payments
on export of agricultural product financed by virtue of governmental action
(AG 9.1(c))
“contingent … upon the use of domestic over imported
goods” (SCM 3.1(b)), “contingent in fact”, applicability to SCM
129–31
“contingent in fact …” (SCM 3.1(a)) SCM
94–100
“anticipated” (SCM 3.1(a), footnote 4)
SCM 98
“but for” test SCM
96
case by case approach SCM 101–3
close connection, need for SCM
94
examination of all relevant facts, need for (SCM 3.1(a),
footnote 4) SCM 101
facts at time of establishment of conditions for grant,
limitation to SCM 102
“grant or maintain” (SCM 3.1, footnote 4)
SCM 98
size of domestic market, relevance SCM
107
“tied to” (SCM 3.1(a), footnote 4) SCM
94–5,
98–100, 103–6
“contingent in law …” (SCM 3.1(a))
SCM 90–3
“contingent” (SCM 3.1) SCM
89, 94–100,
129–30
“contingent upon export performance” (SCM 3.1(a))
AG 9–10,
SCM 58, 88
burden of proof, knowledge or expectation, sufficiency
SCM 95, 99–100,
103–6
“export performance” SCM
108–9
GATT XVI:4 distinguished SCM
83
OECD Agreement, compliance with, relevance
SCM 62
subsidy available to property produced either within or
outside subsidizing State SCM 110–12
“grant or maintain” (SCM 3.2) SCM
136–9
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies
(SCM Annex I): see
Illustrative List of Export Subsidies (SCM Annex
I)
national treatment (exemptions) and (GATT III:8(b))
GATT 282, 303–6
national treatment (GATT III) and GATT
304–5
external debt:
see Trade, Debt and Finance,
Working Group on (Doha Declaration, para. 36)
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