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national treatment: see national
treatment, exceptions (GATT III:8); national treatment, general principle (GATT
III:1); national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT
III:4); national
treatment, services and service suppliers (GATS XVII); national treatment, tax
discrimination (GATT III:2); national treatment (TRIPS 3)
national treatment, exceptions (GATT III:8)
payment of subsidies exclusively to domestic producers (GATT II:8(b))
GATT 281–3
expenditure of revenue by government, limitation to GATT
281
SCM Agreement and GATT 282,
303–6
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1)
applicability
measures imposed at the time or point of importation (“internal measures”)
(GATT Ad Art. III)
GATT practice GATT 127–33
imposition on like domestic product requirement GATT
123–4, 401
quantitative restrictions (GATT XI) distinguished GATT
94–6, 401–3,
418
State trading enterprises and GATT
126
products not subject of tariff concession under GATT II GATT
120
competition law compared GATT
121
as context for interpretation of GATT III:2–5 GATT
140–3, 234
interpretation of GATT III as a whole and
consistency of interpretation, need
for GATT 237
effectiveness principle GATT
141
GATT III:1 as context GATT
141
interpretation of WTO Agreement as a whole as a whole and GATT
300
publication and administration of regulations (GATT X) and
GATT 388,
390
“so as to afford protection” GATT
116: see also national
treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4), “so as to afford protection”;
national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2), “so as to afford
protection”
equality of competitive conditions GATT
118, 119
GATT practice GATT 137
protection of competitive relationship GATT
135–6
GATS II and XVII distinguished GATS
24
omission from GATT III:2, first sentence, relevance GATT
152
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
“affecting” GATT 260–3
actual impact, relevance GATT
260
GATS 1:1 compared GATT 263
GATT practice GATT 264
hurricane licences GATT 272
licensing procedures GATT 259
nature of advantage, relevance GATT
262
purpose of measure, relevance GATT
259
anti-dumping (GATT VI) and GATT
288–92, 343
applicability to direct taxes [on individual] GATT
304
burden of proof GATT 231–2
determination of violation, requirements GATT
229–30
General Exceptions (GATT XX) and GATT
277–8, 590–2,
632, DSU 7
general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT
140, 142, 230,
233–6,
259
“laws, regulations or requirements”
GATT practice GATT 249
identity of measure, relevance GATT
402
“measures” (GATT XXIII:1(b)) distinguished GATT
252
“less favourable treatment”
discriminatory system for allocation of import licences GATT
107, 125,
285
equality of competitive conditions as test GATT 265–8,
271
formal differentiation in treatment, relevance GATT
270–3
GATT practice GATT 287
grouping approach GATT 268
market effect as test GATT
273
as requirement for violation finding GATT
238
“like product”: see “like product” (GATT III:2 and III:4)
methodology of comparison, individual transactions basis GATT
218, 275
“requirements”
GATT practice GATT 258
local content requirement GATT
261
non-mandatory measures GATT
255–7
private contractual arrangements, relevance GATT
18 n. 20, 255
ratio requirement (net sales value of locally-produced product/locally sold product) GATT
261
“restrictions made effective through state-trading organizations” (Ad
Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT 403
“so as to afford protection” GATT
230
TRIMs and GATT 296 n.
452, 307–10,
TRIMs 27–36
Illustrative List GATT 307,
TRIMs 3, 5–6,
30
national treatment, services and service suppliers (GATS XVII)
determination of violation, requirements
aims and effects test GATT
132,GATS 76
GATT practice GATT 134
electronic commerce GATS 74
foreign character of services (SG XVII, footnote 10), relevance
GATS 77
“like service and service supplier” (GATS II:1), wholesale transactions
GATS 75
national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2): see also directly
competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2); “like product” (GATT
III:2 and III:4)
applicability, indirect taxes [taxes on products] GATT
304
“charge of any kind” GATT
173
GATT practice GATT 174
customary rules of interpretation of public international law and
GATT 222
determination of violation, requirements
aims and effects test/policy purpose GATT
128–32, 184–6
burden of proof GATT 155,
192–3
directly competitive or substitutable product: see directly
competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2)
duration of tax differential, relevance GATT
180
economic impact GATT 119,
176
“like product” and “in excess of” GATT
152–4
as separate elements GATT 191
tax on imported product in excess of domestic product GATT
175–86
GATT practice GATT 183
“in excess of” GATT
153, 175
“not similarly taxed” distinguished GATT
214–16
“directly or indirectly” GATT
187–8
GATT practice GATT 189
discrimination or disguised restriction of trade resulting from inconsistency
of SPS measure (SPS 5.5) distinguished SPS 141–2
first and second sentences distinguished GATT
145–9, 191,
235–6
GATT practice GATT 100
general principle (GATT III:1) and GATT
121, 141, 152–4
Interpretative Note Ad Article III:2, relevance GATT
151, 190, 215,
235 n. 358
methodology of comparison
dissimilar taxation of some imported products GATT
217
“grouping” approach GATT
207, 209
individual transactions basis GATT
176–9, 210,
217–18,
275
“not similarly taxed” GATT
191
“so as to afford protection” distinguished GATT
219
threshold/de minimis differential GATT
214–15
object and purpose GATT 198
“so as to afford protection” GATT
191
as application of general principle (GATT III:1) GATT
154
design and structure of measure as evidence of protective application
GATT 165, 220,
225, 227,
RO 4
GATT practice GATT 228
intention, relevance GATT 224–7,
RO 4
necessity of tax, relevance GATT
227
“not similarly taxed” distinguished GATT
219
tariff roles as evidence of GATT
223
tax differentials as evidence of protective application GATT
221
national treatment (TRIPS 3)
applicability (TRIPS 3.1, footnote 3) TRIPS
18
“less favourable treatment”
GATT III:4 compared TRIPS 19,
27
GATT practice TRIPS 27
offset
applicability to all trademark owners requirement TRIPS 210–11
discretionary administrative procedure as TRIPS
22–3
protection of trade-related property rights and TRIPS
15–23
TRIPS 20 (other requirements) and TRIPS
18, 82
Negotiating Group on Basic Communications, establishment
GATS 138
Negotiating Group on Basic Telecommunications, establishment
GATS 115,
138
Negotiating Group on Maritime Services, establishment
GATS 138
Negotiating Group on Market Access: see market access for
non-agricultural products (Doha Declaration, para. 16), Negotiating Group on
Market Access
Negotiating Group on Natural Persons, establishment
GATS 138
Negotiating Group on Rules
establishment WTO 126,
127
responsibilities WTO 127
regional trade agreements (GATT XXIV:5) (RTAs) WTO
127 n. 210
negotiations concerning multilateral trade relations, WTO as forum for WTO
16–19
Doha Ministerial Conference (WTO IV:1) WTO
18–19
“further negotiation”
analysis and exchange of information, Singapore Ministerial
Conference/Declaration (1996) WTO 16
Geneva Ministerial Conference recommendations WTO
17
“New Strategy for WTO Technical Cooperation for Capacity Building, Growth
and Integration”, endorsement (Doha Declaration) WTO
90
New Zealand
Enabling Clause notifications
GSP schemes GATT 31
special treatment of least-developed country Members GATT
40
NGOs (non-governmental organizations)
General Council relations with (WTO V:2) WTO
138–9
observer status WTO 139
non-actionable subsidies (SCM 8)
arbitration procedures (SCM 8.5) SCM
229
consultations and authorized remedies (SCM 9), expiry (SCM 31)
SCM 231
Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns and
SCM 224
expiry (SCM 31) SCM 223
notifications (SCM 8.3)
Format for Notifications (1995) SCM
226
legal requirements (SCM 8.2), effect on SCM
216
Format for Updates of Notifications (1997) SCM
227
non-discriminatory administration of quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII):
see also quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI)
administrative distinctions, relevance GATT
431
allocation of quotas to Members having a substantial interest (GATT
XIII:2(d)) GATT 441
allocation of quotas to Members not having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:2(d)) GATT
439–40
allocation of tariff/import quotas to non-Members GATT
437, 441–2
“representative period” GATT
439 n. 646
allocation to Members not having a substantial interest (GATT XIII:1)
GATT 433, 438
compensation negotiations (GATT XVIII) and GATT
448, 732
concessions on agricultural products and (AG 21.1): see Agriculture
Agreement (AG), GATT 1994 and (AG 21.1), market access concessions and
commitments (AG 4.1) and
distribution of trade as close as possible to expected shares in absence of
restrictions as aim (GATT XIII:2, chapeau) GATT 435–7
elimination of QRs (GATT XI) and GATT
422
finding as factual matter DSU 447
GATT practice GATT 434,
443, 449
inclusion of inconsistent allocations in Schedule of Concessions, relevance
GATT 111
market access (AG 4.1) and: see market access (AG 4), concessions and
commitments (AG 4.1), consistency with GATT XIII
object and purpose (GATT XIII:2) GATT
426, 432, 439
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X:3(a)).
GATT 380–4
publication and administration of trade regulations (GATT X:3(a)), “reasonable”
(risk of disclosure of confidential information) GATT
383
safeguard measures (SG 5) and: see safeguard measures (SG/GATT XIX),
application of measures (SG 5), non-discrimination (GATT XIII) and
non-discriminatory administration of quantitative restrictions (GATT XIII),
exceptions (GATT XIV)
GATT practice GATT 454
State trading organizations and: see State trading enterprises (GATT
XVII), “restrictions made effective through state-trading organizations” (Ad
Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII)
non-retroactivity of treaties (VCLT 28): see also retroactivity;
retroactivity (provisional measures and anti-dumping duties) (AD 10);
retroactivity (trade measures) (ATC 6.10)
in absence of different intention DSU
65–7
continuing measures DSU 66–7
pre-existing rights, countervailing duties (SCM 32.3) GATT
316, 329, SCM
398–9
non-tariff
measures: see quantitative restrictions,
elimination (GATT XI)
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)): see also nullification or
impairment (GATT XXIII)
“any measure” GATT
644
government measures, limitation to GATT
657
measure currently in force, limitation to GATT
658
non-binding action GATT 656
non-commercial measure GATT
649
“benefit”/legitimate expectation of improved market access as
DSU 74
arising out of successive rounds of negotiation GATT
659–62
customary international law and GATT
674, 676, GPA 11
MFN treatment as alternative GATT
659 n. 935
as norm GATT 659–62
reasonable anticipation and GATT
663–9, 672
resulting from negotiations GATT
674–6, GPA 10–11
burden of proof GATT 652–5,
DSU 807–8
DSU 26.1 and DSU 74
as exceptional remedy GATT
645–6, DSU 807
GATT XXIII:1(a) distinguished GATT
644
GATT practice GATT 680
Government Procurement Agreement claims distinguished GATT
674–6, GPA 10
“measure”
affecting the competitive relationship, GATT III:4 compared
GATT 269
government action, limitation to DSU
188, 198–200
“law regulations or requirements” (GATT III:4) compared
GATT 252
necessary
elements GATT 650–1
nullification or impairment, need for GATT
671–3
causality and GATT 671–2
competitive relationship as key factor GATT
671
object and purpose GATT 647
non-violation claims (GPA XXII:2) GPA
9–16
burden of proof GPA 13
table of disputes GPA 17
Norway
Enabling Clause notifications
GSP schemes GATT 31
special treatment of least-developed country Members GATT
40
notice of appeal, requirements (ABWP 20(2))
amendment/clarification DSU 864
conditional appeal, exclusion DSU
869–70
due process and DSU 250, 855,
857–8, 865
notification of allegation of panel’s failure to make objective assessment
(DSU 11) DSU 866–8
notification of challenge to panel’s exercise of jurisdiction
DSU 250,
863
replacement DSU 865, 892
statement of allegation of error on issues of law/legal interpretations (ABWP
20(2)(d)) DSU 850
generic statement, sufficiency DSU
859
identification of facts requiring panel to draw inferences
DSU 856
indication of appropriate factual or legal inferences DSU
856
legal argument in support of claim distinguished DSU
856, 860
paragraph numbers/extracts from panel report, sufficiency DSU
858
as trigger for appeal process (ABWP 20(1)) DSU
855
withdrawal of appeal (ABWP 30) DSU
888
conditioned on right to refile notice of appeal in accordance with WP 20
DSU 889–91
notification and consultation (SG 12) AG 244–80
“adequate opportunity for prior consultations” (SG 12.3)
AG 269–72
level of concessions (SG 8.1) and AG 233–4
as “sufficient time for meaningful exchange” AG 234
“all pertinent information” (SG 12.2) AG 264–6
injury factors (SG 4.2(a)) and AG 264–6, 274
objective test AG 264, 274
precise description of proposed measure sufficient for prior consultation
under SG 12.3 AG 271, 273–4
format AG 260–1, 276
non-binding nature AG 263
“immediately” (SG 12.1) AG 245–59
“immediately” (SG 12.1(a)) AG 249–51
“immediately” (SG 12.1(b)) AG 252–4
“immediately” (SG 12.1(c)) AG 255–9
“initiation of investigation and reasons for it” (SG 12.1(a)), limitation
to AG 262–3
AD 5 and SCM 11 distinguished AG 263
SG 3.1 and 4.2 distinguished AG 263
modifications reducing restrictiveness of measure (SG 7.4), limitation to
AG 231, 275
object and purpose AG 266
pre-existing GATT measures (SG 10/SG 12.7) AG 279–80
signatories entitled to become original Members of WTO and
AG 279
prompt notification of laws, regulations and administrative procedures (SG
12.6), compliance record AG 278
right to request additional information, relevance AG 265, 273
Technical Cooperation Handbook on Notification Requirements, relevance
AG 244
timeliness (SG 12.1, 12.3 and 12.3) AG 267
notification formats SCM 226–7,
329–30,
385, 387,
AG 237–8,
243, 244, 260–1, 276, GATS 36, 42,
48, 54, 57,
61, 65, 124,
149, TRIPS 13, 25
non-binding nature AG 263
notification obligations and procedures
AD Agreement: see evidentiary rules (investigation of dumping) (AD 6)
notification to all interested parties investigation of dumping (AD 5)/subsidy
(SCM 11), notification to government of exporting Member (AD 5.5)
AG 18.2 AG 116–18
consultations (DSU 4.4) DSU 127
GPA Agreement GPA 21
IBM III IBM 2
IDA III IDA 2
IDA IV:1(a) IDA 3
IDA VI:4 IDA 7
import licensing: see Import Licensing Procedures Agreement
(LIC),
notification obligations (LIC 1.4 and 5)
non-actionable subsidies: see non-actionable subsidies (SCM 8),
notifications (SCM 8.3)
notification of enquiry/contact points (GATS III:4/GATS IV:2)
GATS 37, 39–40
PSI Agreement: see PSI Agreement, notification (PSI 5), requirements
Rules of Origin: see Rules of Origin Agreement (RO), notification of
rules of origin, judicial decisions and administrative rulings (RO 5), in
language other than WTO working language
SPS Agreement: see also transparency of SPS regulations (SPS 7 and
Annex B)
equivalence (SPS 4), experience with implementation SPS
92
State trading enterprises (GATT VII:4): see State trading enterprises
(GATT XVII), notification requirements (GATT XVII:4/Understanding on the
Interpretation of Art. VII)
Technical Cooperation Handbook on Notification Requirements, relevance AG 244
notification obligations and procedures (ATC 2.1): see also transitional
safeguards (ATC 6), notification, need for
60 day period, mandatory nature ATC
7
late notifications ATC 14
notification obligations and procedures (TRIMs 2.1)
Council for Trade decisions relating to TRIMs
8–9, 22220
notification formats (TRIMs 5.5) TRIMs
15
notification obligations and procedures (TRIPS)
enquiry/contact points (TRIPS 69) TRIPS
154
laws and regulations, final judicial decisions and administrative rulings of
general application (TRIPS 63.2) TRIPS 25, 31,
137–8
notification formats TRIPS 25,
31
rationalization of the burden, Council for Trips and WTO
67
Notification Obligations and Procedures, Working Group on, establishment
WTO 71
notification obligations
(SCM 25): see also non-actionable
subsidies (SCM 8), notifications (SCM 8.3)
effect of notification (SCM 25.7) SCM
331
notification formats SCM 226–7,
329–30,
385, 387
report without delay (SCM 25.11)
minimum information SCM 332
semi-annual reports SCM 333
notification procedures (TBT 2.9)
Code of Good Practice (Annex 3, para. j) TBT
67
comments on notified regulations
procedures for handling TBT 34
time limits TBT 33
documentation
processing of requests for TBT 32
translation TBT 31
electronic transmission TBT 36
labelling requirements TBT 28
listing of notifications TBT 35
notification format and guidelines TBT
27, 49
“significant effect on trade of other members” (TBT 2.9 and 5.6)
TBT 30
TBT Committee recommendations and decisions relating to TBT
26–36
timing TBT 29
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8)
adverse impact/prejudice, relevance AD
278–9, 327,
DSU 95–101
direct or indirect benefits (DSU 3.3) DSU 709
foreseeability and DSU 100
GATS XXIII (dispute settlement and enforcement), distinguished
GATS 127, DSU 102
inconsistency with covered agreement as prima facie evidence of, rebuttal
SCM 177
lost opportunities, relevance DSU
709
presumption in case of inconsistency with covered agreement
DSU 95–101, 709,
711
adverse effects (SCM 5) distinguished SCM
200, DSU 99
SCM 3 and 4 (prohibited subsidies) distinguished SCM
177, DSU 765–6
SCM 5 (adverse effects) SCM
177, 181–2
SCM 7.9 and 10 (commensurate with degree and nature of adverse effects)
distinguished SCM 182, 220
nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4): see suspension of
concessions for non-implementation of DSB recommendations and rulings (DSU 22),
level equivalent to nullification or impairment (DSU 22.4)
nullification or impairment (GATT XXIII): see also non-violation
claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
measures in force, limitation to GATT
658
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