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Korea
— Alcoholic Beverages (AB), WT/DS75/AB/R,
WT/DS84/AB/R, DSR 1999:I
directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2)
criteria, potential to compete as determining factor GATT
149
as dynamic relationship (including possibility of latent
demand) GATT 117, 199–205,
246
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines, object and
purpose GATT 198
means, same or closely related phrases in different
agreements, GATT III/SCM 15, footnote 46 SCM 270
“like product” (GATT III:2 and
III:4)
determination of “likeness”, on case by case basis SCM
270
directly competitive or substitutable products
distinguished GATT 149, 211,
213
relevant factors
cross-price elasticity GATT
195–6,
207
end-uses GATT
207
market place GATT
197
physical properties GATT
207
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1), “so
as to afford protection” GATT 117
national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2)
first and second sentences distinguished GATT
149
methodology of comparison, “grouping” approach GATT
207,
209
object and purpose GATT 198
“so as to afford protection”, intention, relevance GATT
226
panel reports, rationale, need for (DSU 12.7), sufficiency
DSU 405
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
“objective assessment of the facts”
evidence, alleged disregard or distortion by panel
discretion in assessment of evidence DSU
341
egregious error, need for DSU
352
Korea
— Alcoholic Beverages (Panel), WT/DS75/R,
WT/DS84/R, DSR 1999:I
composition of delegation (appellate review), Member’s
right to determine DSU 973, 1025
composition of delegation (panel), legal
representation/private counsel DSU 972
confidentiality of proceedings (DSU 14/DSU 17.10/DSU
18.2/WP 3), obligation to respect/ensure respect for DSU
1025
consultations (DSU 4)
adequacy of consultations, Panel responsibilities in
relation to DSU 120, 940
confidentiality (DSU 4.6)
disclosure of information obtained in same proceedings
DSU 135–6
third party participation and DSU
139 n. 182
directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2)
competition and trade law distinguished GATT
121
“directly” GATT 205
due process (dispute settlement proceedings)
opportunity to defend oneself DSU
275
opportunity to respond to evidence/presentations of other
parties DSU 368
evidence (panel procedures) (DSU 12)
time limits for submission
panel’s right to admit “late” evidence
DSU 954
time limit for rebuttal DSU
368
interpretation of covered agreements, means, other
treaties, Treaty of Rome (1958) GATT 121
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1),
competition law compared GATT 121
national treatment, tax discrimination (GATT III:2),
determination of violation, requirements, burden of proof GATT
193
precedent, ECJ decisions GATT
121
preliminary rulings on
confidentiality issues DSU 135–6,
965
specificity of request for panel (DSU 6.2) DSU
942
timing of submission of evidence DSU
954
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2)
identification of specific measures at issue
identification
of product, need for DSU 138
specificity, preliminary ruling on DSU
942
specificity sufficient to present the problem clearly
DSU 275
third party rights, confidentiality (DSU 4.6) and
DSU 139
n. 182
trade and competition policy, interaction between (Doha
Declaration, paras. 23–5), market definitions, distinguishability GATT
121
Korea — Alcoholic Beverages (Article
21.3), WT/DS75/16,
WT/DS84/14
4 June 1999, DSR 1999:II
implementation of recommendations and rulings of the DSB
(DSU 21)
choice of means at Member’s discretion (DSU 21.3)
DSU 549
impracticality of immediate compliance/reasonable period of
time (DSU 21.3, chapeau)
“reasonable period”
entry into force of legislative instrument, relevance
DSU 578
shortest period possible within Member’s normal
legislative process DSU 558
mandate of arbitrator, limitation to determination of
reasonable period of time for implementation (DSU 21.3(c)) DSU
549
Korea
— Dairy (AB), WT/DS98/AB/R, DSR 2000:I
burden of proof
prima facie case, need for
evidence other than that submitted by parties, panel’s
right to consider DSU
995
explicit finding, relevance DSU
997
SG 4.2 DSU 995
competence of panels and AB (DSU 3.2), right to develop own
legal reasoning including arguments not adduced by parties (jura novit
curia) SPS 229, SCM
177
due process (dispute settlement proceedings), prejudice to
party, relevance DSU 219–20
GATT 1947, WTO continuity with, incorporation of GATT 1947
provisions into WTO Agreement GATT 4
interpretation of covered agreements
guidelines
consistency
with article/agreement as a whole DSU 54
effectiveness principle (ut res magis valeat quam
pereat/effet utile) GATT 531
meaning to be attributed to every word and phrase
WTO 13, AG
1, DSU 54–5
means, preamble of agreement under consideration
AG 1
ordinary meaning GATT
531
notification and consultation (SG 12)
“all pertinent information” (SG 12.2) AG 264–6
injury factors (SG 4.2(a)) and AG 264–6, 274
objective test AG 264, 274
object and purpose AG 266
right to request additional information, relevance AG 265
timeliness (SG 12.1, 12.3 and 12.3) AG 267
procedure, international and municipal rules distinguished
DSU 338
relationships within and between agreements
GATT XIX:1/SG 2 and 4 GATT
531
SG and II.1(a)/WTO II GATT
566
SG 2 and 4/SG 12 AG 274
request for establishment of panel, requirements
(DSU 6.2)
identification of specific measures at issue
DSU 98
legal basis of claim
arguments distinguished SCM
177
listing of articles without explanation, sufficiency
DSU 220, 924
summary, sufficiency DSU
162
as two-stage test DSU
219–20
safeguard measures (SG/GATT XIX)
application of measures (SG 5), “to the extent necessary”
(proportionality) (SG 5.1), “clear justification”, need for AG 219
conditions (SG 2)
“as a result of unforeseen developments” (GATT
XIX:1(a))
critical date GATT
548
omission from SG 2.1, relevance GATT
531
causation (SG 2.1): see determination
of serious injury or threat thereof (SG 4), requirements, causation (SG
4.2(b))
as extraordinary/emergency remedy GATT
522
relationship between Safeguards Agreement and
GATT XIX GATT
521, 566, AG
1
rules for application of GATT XIX (SG 1 and 11.1(a))
AG 4
Safeguards Agreement, Preamble, as evidence of object and
purpose AG 1
standard/powers of review (AB) (issues of law and legal
interpretations) (DSU 17.6)
completion of the legal analysis in case of
contentiousness/omission/insufficiency of facts DSU
467–8
limitation to panel’s findings or undisputed facts in
panel record DSU 468
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
“objective assessment of the facts”
evidence, alleged disregard or distortion by panel,
obligation to examine and evaluate all the evidence available to it DSU
338
evidence other than that submitted by parties, right to
consider DSU 338, 995
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), “matter referred to
the DSB”, as identified in DSU 6.2 (DSU 7.1), “claim” DSU
213
WTO Agreement, cumulative nature of obligations
AG 1
Korea
— Dairy (Panel), WT/DS98/R and Corr.1, DSR 2000:I
determination of serious injury or threat thereof (SG 4),
requirements
causation (SG 4.2(b))
evaluation of all relevant factors of objective and
quantifiable nature AG 169
factors other than increased imports causing injury,
non-attribution requirement AG 169
relevance in absence of serious injury AG 212
evaluation of all relevant factors (SG 4.2(a))
DSU 382
all factors listed in SG 4.2(a) AG 141
price analysis, relevance AG
55
segmented domestic industry and AG
133
investigation of conditions for safeguard measures,
requirements (SG 3.1/SG 4.2(c))
evaluation of all factors AD
629 n. 809
obligation of competent authorities to seek information
additional to that supplied by interested parties AD
629 n. 809
published report, absence of claim relating to, effect on
possibility of SG 4 claims AG 89
notification and consultation (SG 12)
“adequate opportunity for prior consultations” (SG
12.3) AG 269
successful outcome as evidence of AG 269
“all pertinent information” (SG 12.2) AG 264
format, non-binding nature AG 263
“immediately” (SG 12.1) AG 245–6
“immediately” (SG 12.1(a)) AG 249
“immediately” (SG 12.1(b)) AG 252
“immediately” (SG 12.1(c)) AG 255–6
“initiation of investigation and reasons for it” (SG
12.1(a)), limitation to AG 262–3
AD 5 and SCM 11 distinguished AG 263
SG 3.1 and 4.2 distinguished AG 263
Technical Cooperation Handbook on Notification
Requirements, relevance AG 244
notification formats, non-binding nature AG 263
notification obligations and procedures, Technical
Cooperation Handbook on Notification Requirements, relevance AG 244
nullification or impairment (DSU 3.8), adverse
impact/prejudice, relevance DSU 98
relationships within and between agreements, SG 2/SG 4
AG 17–18
request for establishment of panel, requirements (DSU 6.2),
legal basis of claim, listing of articles without explanation, sufficiency DSU
219
safeguard measures (SG/GATT XIX)
application of measures (SG 5), “to the extent necessary”
(proportionality) (SG 5.1), adjustment plans, relevance AG 223
conditions (SG 2), causation (SG 2.1), relevant factors (SG
4.2(a))/ “under such conditions” (SG 2.1), equivalence AG
49–50, 55
standard/powers of review (panel) (DSU 11)
“objective assessment of the facts”, de novo review,
exclusion DSU 382
reasoned and adequate explanation (SG 3.1), need to confirm
DSU 382
relevant factors
evaluation of all relevant factors, need
for AD
629 n. 809
position of Member at time of determination AD
629 n. 809
standing/right to bring claim (DSU 3.7), legal interest,
relevance DSU 160
terms of reference of panels (DSU 7), failure of parties to
produce evidence or arguments AG 18
Korea
— Procurement (Panel), WT/DS163/R, DSR 2000:VIII
“central government entities” (GPA: Appendix 1)
GPA 27–33
error as to fact or situation, effect on validity of treaty
(VCLT 48(1)) GPA 12, 14–16
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle
(VCLT 26)), treaty interpretation/performance GATT
674–6, GPA
11–13
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)
“central government entities” (GPA: Appendix 1)
GPA 27–33
error as to fact or situation, effect on validity of treaty
(VCLT 48(1)) GPA 12, 14–16
good faith (including pacta sunt servanda principle
(VCLT 26)) and GATT 674–6,
GPA 11–13
non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b))
“benefit”/legitimate expectation of improved market
access as
customary international law and GATT
674, 676, GPA
11
reasonable anticipation and GATT
669
resulting from negotiations GATT
674–6, GPA
10–11
Government Procurement Agreement claims distinguished
GATT 674–6,
GPA 10
non-violation claims (GPA XXII:2) GPA
9–16
Korea
— Various Measures on Beef (AB), WT/DS161/AB/R
WT/DS169/AB/R,
DSR 2001:I
Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) (AG 1(a)/Annex 3)
“constituent data and methodology” (AG 1(a)(ii))
AG 3–5,
127
external reference price, relevant period
AG 5
“taking into account” AG
4
“market price support” (Annex 3, para. 8), “eligible”
AG 128
“provisions of Annex 3”/”constituent data and
methodology” (AG 1(a)(ii)), priority AG 4
total AMS (AG 1(h)), calculation AG
3 n. 6, 11
domestic support (AG 3), limitation to commitment levels
specified in Member’s Schedule (AG 3(2)), “subject to provisions of Art. 6”
AG 12
General Exceptions (GATT XX)
alternative WTO-consistent measure, availability,
enforcement of WTO-consistent law and GATT 614,
624
burden of proof GATT
617
General Exceptions (GATT XX), measures necessary to secure
compliance with GATT-consistent measure (GATT XX(d))
alternative WTO-consistent measure, availability and GATT 614
consistency with GATT, need for GATT
617
“necessary” GATT 617,
619–21
interpretation of covered agreements
ordinary meaning, “in
accordance with” AG 4
specific terms and phrases
“in accordance with”, AG 1(a)(ii) AG
3
“relating to” (GATT XX(g)) GATT
619
market access (AG 4)
measures required to be converted into ordinary customs
duties (AG 4.2 and footnote 1)
elimination of quantitative restrictions (GATT XI) and
AG 31
State trading enterprises (GATT XVII) GATT 487
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4)
determination of violation, requirements
GATT 229
“less favourable treatment”
equality of competitive conditions as test
GATT 267
formal differentiation in treatment, relevance
GATT 270
relationships within and between agreements, AG 4.2/GATT XI
GATT 487
State trading enterprises (GATT XVII), market access (AG
4), measures required to be converted into ordinary customs duties (AG 4.2 and
footnote 1) GATT 487
Korea
— Various Measures on Beef (Panel), WT/DS161/R
WT/DS169/R, DSR 2001:I
Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) (AG 1(a)/Annex 3)
“constituent data and methodology” (AG 1(a)(ii))
AG 127
external reference price, relevant period
AG 5
economic development, government assistance (GATT VII),
quantitative restrictions (GATT XI) and GATT 422
Enabling Clause notifications, special treatment of
least-developed country Members GATT 40
Import Licensing Procedures Agreement (LIC), rules and
procedures distinguished LIC 5
interpretation of covered agreements, specific terms and
phrases, “in accordance with” AG 3
licensing requirement, as quantitative restriction (GATT
XI:1) GATT 412
national treatment, general principle (GATT III:1),
applicability, measures imposed at the time or point of importation (“internal
measures”) (GATT Ad Art. III), State trading enterprises and GATT
126
national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4),
“less favourable treatment”, equality of competitive conditions as test GATT 243 n. 414
quantitative restrictions, elimination (GATT XI)
national
treatment (GATT III) and GATT 417
“prohibition or restriction” (GATT XI:1)
licensing requirements GATT
412
“restrictions made effective through state-trading
organizations” (Ad Articles XI, XI, XIII, XIV and XVIII) GATT
408,
423
relationships within and between agreements
GATT /GATT XVII:1(a) GATT
463
GATT II:1(a) and XI/GATT III:4 and XVII GATT
107,
477
GATT III/GATT XVII:1 GATT
463
GATT III:4 and XVII/GATT II:1(a) and XI GATT
422,
481–2
GATT III:4/GATT II:1(a) and GATT XI GATT
286
GATT III:4/GATT XI GATT
417
GATT XI and II:1/GATT III:4 and XVII GATT
108, 112,
293
GATT XVII:1(a)/GATT XVII:1(b) GATT
460–1
GATT III:4 and XVII/GATT XI and II:1 GATT
108, 112,
293
Schedules of Concessions (GATT II)
“subject to the terms, conditions or qualifications in
the schedule” (GATT II:1(b)), inclusion in schedule, need for GATT
70
treatment no less favourable than that provided in
appropriate schedule (GATT II:1(a)), State trading enterprises (GATT XVII) and
GATT 477
State trading enterprises, measures affecting imported
products (internal measures) and measure affecting importation (border taxes),
difficulty of distinguishing GATT 126
State trading enterprises (GATT XVII)
obligation to act consistently with GATT general principles
of non-discriminatory treatment (GATT XVII:1(a)) GATT
138, 463
GATT XVII:1(b), relationship GATT
460–1
GATT practice GATT
481–2
quantitative restrictions (GATT XI:1) GATT
408
treatment no less favourable than that provided in
appropriate schedule (GATT II:1(a)) and GATT
477
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