Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation:
Intersections between public health, intellectual property and trade

ACTA

Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

AFRO

WHO Regional Office for Africa

AMC

Advance Market Commitment

AMF

Access to Medicine Foundation

AMRH

African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization

ANDI

African Network for Drugs and Diagnostics Innovation in Africa

API

active pharmaceutical ingredient

ARIPO

African Regional Intellectual Property Organization

ARV

antiretroviral

ASAQ

artesunate and amodiaquine

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ATC

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical

BTA

bilateral trade agreement

BVGH

BIO Ventures for Global Health

CAFTA-DR

Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement

CAM

complementary and alternative medicine

CAMR

Canada’s Access to Medicines Regime

CAN

Andean Community

CARIFORUM

Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity

CDIP

Committee on Development and Intellectual Property

CEWG

Consultative Expert Working Group on Research and Development: Financing and Coordination

CESCR

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

CHAI

Clinton Health Access Initiative

CIOMS

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences

CIPIH

Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health

CMH

Commission on Macroeconomics and Health

COHRED

Council on Health Research for Development

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CSIR

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

CTD

Common Technical Document

DALY

disability-adjusted life year

DMEPA

Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis

DNDi

Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative

Doha Declaration

Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health

EAC

East African Community

EBS

equitable benefit-sharing

EDCTP

European and Developing Country Clinical Trials Partnership

EFTA

European Free Trade Association

EMA

European Medicines Agency

EMRO

WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean

EML

Model List of Essential Medicines

EPC

European Patent Convention

EPO

European Patent Office

EWG

Expert Working Group on Research and Development: Financing and Coordination

FDA

US Food and Drug Administration

FDI

foreign direct investment

FTA

free trade agreement

FTC

US Federal Trade Commission

FTO

freedom to operate

GACP

good agricultural and collection practices

GATS

General Agreement on Trade in Services

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GBD

global burden of disease

GCC

Gulf Cooperation Council

GDP

gross domestic product

GHTF

Global Harmonization Task Force

GISRS

Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System

Global Fund

Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

GMP

good manufacturing practice

GPA

Agreement on Government Procurement

GPO

Government Pharmaceutical Organization

GPP/GCC

Group Purchasing Program of Gulf Cooperation Council

GR

genetic resources

GSPA-PHI

WHO Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property

HAI

Health Action International

Hib

Haemophilus influenzae type b

HRC

Human Rights Council

HS

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System

IAVI

International AIDS Vaccine Initiative

ICDRA

International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities

ICESCR

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ICH

International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

ICT

information and communications technology

ICTRP

International Clinical Trials Registry Platform

ICTSD

International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development

IFPMA

International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations

IGC

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC)

IGPA

International Generic Pharmaceutical Alliance

IGWG

Intergovernmental Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property

IMDRF

International Medical Device Regulators Forum

IMPACT

International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce

InChl

International Chemical Identifier

INN

international nonproprietary name

IP

intellectual property

IPC

International Patent Classification

IPRs

intellectual property right

IRCH

International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines

IRP

international reference price

IUPAC

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

KEI

Knowledge Ecology International

LDC

least-developed country

LMIC

low- and middle-income country

Madrid System

Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks

MATH

Medicines, Access, Trade & Health

MDG

Millennium Development Goal

MPP

Medicines Patents Pool

MPR

median price ratio

MERCOSUR

Southern Common Market

MFN

most favoured nation

MIWI

"Made in the World" initiative

MMV

Medicines for Malaria Venture

MSF

Médecins Sans Frontières

Nagoya Protocol

Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity

NCD

non-communicable disease

NCE

new chemical entity

NCI

National Cancer Institute

NEPAD

New Partnership for African Development

NGO

non-governmental organization

NIC

National Influenza Centre

NICHSR

National Information Center on Health Services Research and Health Care Technology

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NME

new molecular entity

NRG

(Invented) Name Review Group

NTD

neglected tropical disease

NTM

non-tariff measure

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OECS

Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States

OHCHR

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

OSDD

Open Source Drug Discovery

OWEG

Open-Ended Working Group of Member States on Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Sharing of Influenza Viruses and Access to Vaccines and other Benefits

PAHO

Pan American Health Organization

PANDRH

Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization

Paris Convention

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

PARLATINO

Latin American Parliament

PATH

Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health

PBM

pharmacy benefit management

PCT

Patent Cooperation Treaty

PCV

pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

PDP

product development partnership

PEPFAR

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

PhRMA

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America

PIC

prior informed consent

PIP Framework

Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework for the Sharing of Influenza Viruses and Access to Vaccines and other Benefits

PLoSNTD

Public Library of Science-Neglected Tropical Diseases

PPP

public–private partnership

PQR

Price and Quality Reporting

PRV

priority review voucher

PTA

preferential trade agreement

R&D

research and development

RTA

regional trade agreement

SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome

SCP

Standing Committee on the Law of Patents

SCT

Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications

SDR

Special Drawing Right

SFFC

spurious/falsely-labelled/falsified/counterfeit

SMTA

Standard Material Transfer Agreement

SPC

supplementary protection certificate

SPS

sanitary and phytosanitary

SPS Agreement

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

TB

tuberculosis

TBT

technical barriers to trade

TBT Agreement

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

TBT Committee

Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade

TCM

Traditional Chinese Medicine

TDR

WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases

TK

traditional knowledge

TKDL

Traditional Knowledge Digital Library

TRIPS

trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights

TRIPS Agreement

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

TWN

Third World Network

UNAIDS

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNECA

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

UNFPA

United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF

United Nations Children's Fund

USPTO

United States Patent and Trademark Office

VAT

value added tax

WASH

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All

WHA

World Health Assembly

WHO

World Health Organization

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization

WMA

World Medical Association

WTO

World Trade Organization

YLD

years lost due to disability

YLL

years of life lost