//*********************************************************
//
//*********************************************************/
// number of chapters & pages
var num_chapters = 9;
var chapter_details_array = [ // pages per chapter, chapter name
[1, "Introduction"], // introduction
[8, "Basic Purpose and Concepts"], // chapter 1
[10, "Main Building Blocks: Agreement, Annexes, and Schedules"], // chapter 2
[6, "A Closer Look at Domestic Regulation"], // chapter 3
[6, "How the GATS is Administered"], // chapter 4
[6, "Role and Responsiblities of Member Governments"], // chapter 5
[8, "The Challenges Ahead"], // chapter 6
[5, "Preparing Requests and Offers"], // chapter 7
[4, "Misconceptions about the GATS"], // chapter 8
[1, "Keeping Up to Date"] // chapter 9
];
// arrays of questions for the quiz
// each array item consists of the following fields:
// - the chapter to which the question belongs,
// - the question,
// - the number of the correct answer (starting from 1),
// - the page containing the explanation of the answer to the question,
// - the answers in order
var question_array = new Array();
question_array[1] = [1, "The GATS entered into effect in:", 1, "intro1_e.htm", "January 1995", "January 1998", "January 2000"];
question_array[2] = [1, "The scope of the GATS includes measures taken by:", 3, "c1s4p1_e.htm", "Any service supplier", "Domestically incorporated suppliers", "Governments as well as non-governmental bodies with delegated authority"];
question_array[3] = [1, "The sector coverage of the GATS includes:", 4, "c1s4p1_e.htm", "Transport-related services", "Health and social services", "Communication services", "All of the above"];
question_array[4] = [1, "The following services are not covered by the GATS:", 1, "c1s4p1_e.htm", "Services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority", "Services supplied by governmental agencies in competition with private sector agencies", "Services purchased by government agencies"];
question_array[5] = [1, "The GATS prohibits WTO Members from:", 2, "c1s2p1_e.htm", "Denying access to service suppliers from non-WTO Members", "Denying access to other Members that do not ensure reciprocity", "Taking unilateral action to protect essenial security interests"];
question_array[6] = [1, "The transparency obligation implies that Members:", 1, "c1s5p1_e.htm", "Make public all measures that affect services trade", "Allow other Members to comment on all proposed new measures affectng trade", "Create online access to a database of all their measures affecting trade"];
question_array[7] = [1, "Most-favoured-nation treatment must be ensured: ", 2, "c1s6p1_e.htm", "Only for services subject to specific commitments", "For all services covered by GATS", "For governmental services and all services covered by GATS"];
question_array[8] = [1, "Market access limitations that need to be scheduled include:", 1, "c1s7p1_e.htm", "Restrictions on the total number of service operations", "Restrictions on the eligibility of foreigners for domestic subsidies", "Restrictions on the composition of the board of directors"];
question_array[9] = [1, "National treatment under the GATS is:", 2, "c1s7p1_e.htm", "Granted unconditionally once market access conditions are me", "Granted only on a sector- and mode-specific basis", "Granted only to specific trading partners"];
question_array[10] = [2, "The GATS is:", 2, "c2s1p1_e.htm", "A stand-alone multilateral agreement on trade in services that WTO Members may choose to sign;", "A part of the Marrakesh Agreement and obligatory for all WTO Members;", "A part of the Marrakesh Agreement, but voluntary for WTO Members."];
question_array[11] = [2, "In the area of air transport, the GATS covers measures affecting:", 1, "c2s1p1_e.htm", "Aircraft repair and maintenance services; Computer reservation system services; and Selling and marketing of air transport services", "Aircraft repair and maintenance services; Traffic rights exercised by private commercial airlines; and Computer reservation system services", "Computer reservation system services; Traffic rights exercised by private commercial airlines; and Selling and marketing of air transport services"];
question_array[12] = [2, "The Most-Favoured-Nation principle requires a Member to treat services and service suppliers from any other Member no less favorably than:", 3, "c2s2p1_e.htm", "Like services and service suppliers of national origin;", "Like services and service suppliers from any other WTO Member;", "Like services and service suppliers from any other country."];
question_array[13] = [2, "Tribunals for review of the impact of administrative decisions must be available for:", 1, "c2s2p2_e.htm", "Affected service suppliers regardless of sector;", "Affected service suppliers in scheduled sectors;", "Governments whose suppliers are affected by trade measures."];
question_array[14] = [2, "Regarding further negotiations, GATS Article XIX states that:", 1, "", "Members shall enter into successive rounds starting not later than five years from the date of entry into force of the Agreement;", "Members shall decide on a new round not later than January 2000;", "Members shall complete the new round not later than ten years from the date of entry into force of the Agreement."];
question_array[15] = [2, "Under the GATS, the following is conditional on the scheduling of a service:", 3, "c2s2p1_e.htm", "Ensuring that monopolies do not act in a manner inconsistent with MFN obligations;", "Entering into consultations on business practices that may constrain competition;", "Informing the Council for Trade in Services of new laws that significantly affect trade in the sector concerned."];
question_array[16] = [2, "Economic integration agreements are permissible:", 1, "c1s4p1_e.htm", "Only if they provide for substantial sectoral coverage and the elimination of substantially all discrimination;", "Only if other Members are afforded an opportunity to join;"];
question_array[17] = [2, "Discriminatory licensing requirements would need to be scheduled under:", 2, "c2s5p1_e.htm", "Market access;", "National treatment;", "Additional commitments;", "None of these provisions."];
question_array[18] = [2, "Equity ceilings for foreign investors, individually and as group, would be scheduled as:", 1, "c2s6p2_e.htm", "Market Access limitation;", "National Treatment limitation;", "Exemption from MFN treatment;", "None of these provisions."];
question_array[19] = [2, "A non-discriminatory licensing requirement for doctors must be scheduled under:", 4, "c2s6p1_e.htm", "Market Access; ", "National Treatment;", "Additional commitments;", "None of these provisions."];
question_array[20] = [2, "If a country that maintains sales and advertising bans for arms wants to undertake commitments on retail trade and on advertising services, it needs to schedule these bans:", 4, "", "Under advertising services - market access;", "Under retail distribution services - market access;", "In both sectors;", "In neither sector."];
question_array[21] = [2, "Existing specific commitments can be modified only:", 2, "c2s5p1_e.htm", "In new rounds of services negotiations;", "At any time, after three years from their date of entry into force, against compensation of affected trading partners;", "If approved by the Council for Trade in Services."];
question_array[22] = [3, "WTO Members:", 2, "c3s2p1_e.htm", "Have the right to regulate the supply of services, subject to approval by the Services Council;", "Have the right to regulate, and to introduce new regulations, on the supply of services;", "Have the right to regulate only services not covered by specific commitments"];
question_array[23] = [3, "Services may be regulated by:", 4, "c3s1p1_e.htm", "Federal ministries;", "Regional regulatory authorities;", "Municipalities", "All of the above"];
question_array[24] = [3, "Primary principles under consideration by the Working Party on Domestic Regulation for a framework for regulatory development are:", 2, "c3s3p1_e.htm", "Objective criteria and technological neutrality;", "Necessity, transparency, equivalency and international standards;", "Transparency, impartial application, regular review process."];
question_array[25] = [3, "A main purpose of MRAs is to:", 2, "c3s3p1_e.htm", "Restrict mutual recognition of professional credentials;", "Facilitate mutual recognition of professional credentials;", "Ensure that recognition of professional credentials is always done on a multilateral basis."];
question_array[26] = [4, "The WTO Ministerial Conference meets:", 2, "c4s1p1_e.htm", "At least every year;", "Every two years;", "Every five years."];
question_array[27] = [4, "The body responsible for overseeing the functioning of the GATS is:", 2, "c4s1p1_e.htm", "The WTO General Council;", "The Council for Trade in Services;", "The Trade in Services Division"];
question_array[28] = [4, "The Working Party on GATS Rules is mandated to conduct the negotiations on:", 1, "c4s2p1_e.htm", "Government procurement, Emergency safeguards and Subsidies", "Services classifications, Scheduling guidelines and Domestic regulation", "Government procurement, Services classifications and Domestic regulation"];
question_array[29] = [4, "The Committee on Specific Commitments is mandated to develop:", 3, "c4s2p1_e.htm", "Disciplines on the use of domestic regulations;", "Disciplines on trade distorting subsidies;", "Any necessary changes to service classifications."];
question_array[30] = [4, "On which of the following issues do Members have diverging views in debates on the need for emergency safeguards for services?", 4, "c4s2p1_e.htm", "The availability of adequate data to permit the operation of a safeguard mechanism;", "Whether safeguards would or should encourage more liberal commitments in the services negotiations than would otherwise be the case;", "Whether the flexibility already built-in the GATS reduces the need for emergency safeguards in services.", "All of the above", "None of the above"];
question_array[31] = [4, "The WTO Secretariat is entrusted with (check all that apply):", 2, "c4s3p1_e.htm", "Technical assistance to developing countries and Amendments to flawed entries in schedules of commitments.", "Administrative support for negotiations and Technical assistance to developing countries", "Authoritative interpretation of the WTO Agreements and Amendments to flawed entries in schedules of commitments"];
question_array[32] = [4, "The Dispute Settlement Body for disputes under the GATS is constituted from:", 1, "c4s4p1_e.htm", "The WTO General Council;", "The Council for Trade in Services;", "The WTO Dispute Settlement Council."];
question_array[33] = [4, "A panel report must be adopted by the DSB unless:", 2, "c4s4p2_e.htm", "At least one Member disagrees;", "All Members disagree and there is consensus not to adopt;", "A majority of Members disagrees with the report."];
question_array[34] = [5, "Measures of general application must be administered in a reasonable, objective and impartial manner in:", 2, "c5s1p2_e.htm", " All sectors falling under GATS;", "Sectors in which specific commitments have been undertaken;"];
question_array[35] = [5, "If a Member becomes party to an economic integration agreement, it must notify the Council for Trade in Services:", 1, "c5s2p1_e.htm", "Promptly;", "Within 90 days;", "Periodically."];
question_array[36] = [5, "The purpose of an Enquiry Point is to:", 2, "c5s3p1_e.htm", "Channel inquiries to trading partners;", "Respond to inquiries from trading partners;", "Advise foreign service suppliers on the regulatory regime."];
question_array[37] = [5, "The purpose of a Contact Point is to:", 3, "c5s4p1_e.htm", "Facilitate arrangements between service suppliers from different trading partners;", "Respond to inquiries from foreign trading partners;", "Respond to inquiries from services suppliers of developing countries."];
question_array[38] = [5, "Addresses of Enquiry and Contact Points are available:", 2, "c5s3p1_e.htm", "In an Annex to the GATS;", "On the WTO Website", "At the International Trade Centre."];
question_array[39] = [6, "The services negotiations:", 3, "c6s1p1_e.htm", "Cover all services sectors, regardless of their current status under the GATS;", "Aim at achieving progressively higher levels of liberalization, deregulation and policy harmonization in all sectors covered by the GATS (i.e. excluding measures affecting air traffic rights and services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority);", "Aim at achieving progressively higher levels of liberalization in all sectors covered by the GATS (same exclusions as above)."];
question_array[40] = [6, "The Negotiations Guidelines and Procedures in services:", 1, "c6s1p1_e.htm", "Require that the existing structure and principles of GATS be respected (including the scheduling of sectors in which commitments are made, and the four modes of supply);", "Provide for a review of the modal structure of the GATS;", "Require Members to consider the extension of GATS to e-commerce."];
question_array[41] = [6, "MFN Exemptions:", 3, "c6s2p1_e.htm", "Remain in place until a Member chooses to withdraw them;", "Must be reviewed periodically, without any further obligation to negotiate;", "Are subject to negotiation in all trade rounds and must be reviewed periodically if they were granted for a period of more than five years."];
question_array[42] = [6, "Subsidies affecting trade in services:", 2, "c6s3p2_e.htm", "Are not covered by the GATS pending conclusion of the negotiations under Article XV.", "Are already covered by GATS provisions such as Article II (MFN) and, in scheduled sectors, Article XVII (national treatment), regardless of these negotiations;", "Are prohibited by the GATS."];
question_array[43] = [6, "Government procurement of services is:", 2, "c6s3p2_e.htm", "Fully excluded from the GATS;", "Excluded from the application of Articles II, XVI and XVII;", "Excluded from the GATS pending the outcome of the negotiations on Transparency in Government Procurement."];
question_array[44] = [6, "The negotiations on emergency safeguard measures are to be concluded by:", 1, "c6s1p1_e.htm", "15 March 2004;", "The end of the negotiations on specific commitments;", "1 January 2005."];
question_array[45] = [6, "On which of the following issues do Members have diverging views in debates on the need for emergency safeguards for services?", 4, "c6s3p1_e.htm", "the availability of adequate data to permit the operation of a safeguard mechanism;", "Whether safeguards would or should encourage more liberal commitments in the services negotiations than would otherwise be the case;", "Whether the flexibility already built-in the GATS reduces the need for emergency safeguards in services.", "All of the above", "None of the above"];
question_array[46] = [6, "Concerning e-commerce, a common understanding has emerged among Members:", 1, "c6s5p2_e.htm", "That the electronic delivery of services falls within the scope of the GATS;", "The distinction between mode 1 and mode 2 in electronic delivery is clear;", "Specific commitments in schedules do not apply to electronic supplies."];
question_array[47] = [7, "Requests should be send to:", 1, "c7s3p1_e.htm", "Any Member of the WTO and country in the process of accession;", "Members that have participated in the Uruguay Round;", "Members that are prepared to reciprocate the requests received. "];
question_array[48] = [7, "Requests may relate, inter alia, to:", 1, "c7s3p1_e.htm", "Scheduling of new sectors and improvements in existing commitments;", "Granting of preferential access conditions;", "Removal of GATS-inconsistent measures."];
question_array[49] = [7, "Requests should be sent to:", 2, "c7s3p1_e.htm", "The WTO Secretariat for circulation to all Members;", "The trading partner(s) concerned;", "The Chairman of the Council for Trade in Services."];
question_array[50] = [7, " Offers of new commitments are normally submitted in the form of:", 3, "c7s4p1_e.htm", "A notification to the Council for Trade in Services;", "A letter to potentially interested Members;", "A draft schedule to be circulated to all Members."];
question_array[51] = [7, "The content of a services offer is:", 2, "c7s4p1_e.htm", "Legally binding unless explicitly revoked by the Member concerned;", "Non-binding unless explicitly confirmed at the end of the negotiating process;", "Legally binding vis-à-vis those Members that have also submitted offers."];
question_array[52] = [7, "Initial offers shall be submitted by", 1, "c7s4p1_e.htm", "31 March 2003;", "15 March 2004;", "not later than 1 January 2005."];
question_array[53] = [8, "Decisions are normally made in the WTO by", 1, "c8s2p1_e.htm", "Consensus;", "Simple majority vote", "Trade-weighted majority vote."];
question_array[54] = [8, "The focus of the negotiating mandate on domestic regulation is on:", 2, "c8s2p1_e.htm", "Limiting government’ scope to define national policy objectives;", "Disciplining the use of measures that are more burdensome than necessary to achieve such objectives;", "Creating a WTO forum to develop regulatory standards."];
question_array[55] = [8, "The concept of progressive liberalization implies that:", 1, "c8s1p1_e.htm", "Members negotiate the removal of existing limitations and non-bindings, and the inscription of new sectors in their schedules of commitments;", "Members offer liberalization measures across all services sectors and modes of supply;", "The scope of the Agreement is extended to services (e.g. services provided in the exercise of governmental authority ) that are not currently covered."];
question_array[56] = [8, "There has been a decision by the Council for Trade in Services that the scope of the “governmental service carve-out” should be interpreted more narrowly in future:", 3, "c8s2p1_e.htm", "Correct;", "Correct, but only applicable from the end of the current round;", "Incorrect."];
question_array[57] = [8, "Individual developing countries are granted more flexibility under the GATS, in line with their development situation, to:", 2, "c8s3p1_e.htm", "Progressively ensure compliance with the Most-Favored-Nations principle;", "Open fewer sector and liberalize less types of transactions in trade rounds;", "Invoke the General Exceptions under Article XIV (protection of life and health, etc.) and the Security Exceptions under Article XIVbis."];
question_array[58] = [8, "Existing commitments can be modified under Article XXI if the Member concerned:", 2, "c8s2p1_e.htm", "Shows prove of the need for modification;", "Negotiates compensatory adjustments with affected trading partners;", "Obtains approval from the Council for Trade in Services."];